


COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



























. 


















































































































Practical Instructions 

IN THE SEARCH FOR, AND THE 
DETERMINATION OF, THE 
USEFUL MINERALS, 
INCLUDING THE 
RARE ORES 


For the Prospector, Miner, and as a Ready 
Reference for Everybody Interested 
in the Mineral Industry 


By 

ALEXANDER McLEOD 


FIRST EDITION 
FIRST THOUSAND 


NEW YORK 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. 

London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 

1914. 


TNj.7» 

.Mi r 


Copyright, 1914, by 
ALEXANDER McLEOD 




Publishers Printing Company 
207-217 West Twenty-fifth Street, New York 

MAS-4 i 914 

©Cl. A 3 6 2 760 



PREFACE 


It is the aim of this little book to furnish severely 
simple, but fully dependable, means by which 
any one can determine the useful minerals. 

The few apparatus required can be made at the 
mere cost of thirty minutes’ labor. Any druggist 
can supply the few inexpensive chemicals necessary. 
The whole outfit need not weigh a pound. 

Absolutely no skill is required to carry cut any 
of the tests. Many of the tests are gorgeously 
simple. The following are a few instances taken at 
random: A match flame positively identifies a 
very important metal. A burning pine sliver de¬ 
termines a leading ore of silver. A live coal serves 
to identify each one of two valuable minerals which 
are physically similar. Half a dozen taps of the 
hammer assign certain ores to the class to which 
they belong. 

Minerals which are similar in appearance are 
differentiated one from the other by some striking 
characteristic. 

Simple tests are given by which the rare ores 
may be readily recognized. 

This little volume is, for the most part, based on 
the author’s experience—an experience extending 
over forty years of active work in quest of mineral. 

Suggestions tending to give this book greater 
usefulness will be appreciated. 

Orangedale, Nova Scotia, 1913. 

iii 




CONTENTS 


PAGE 

The Pan. 1 

Essential to the prospector. 1 

How to readily learn use of pan.2, 3 

List of minerals the pan will save. 4 

Favorable places in which to make panning trials . 4 

Hardness. 5 

How to know the comparative hardness of an ore 

or metal. 5 

Scale of hardness. 6 

Weight or specific gravity. 7 

Comparative density (weight) of quartz, granite, etc. 7 

Streak . 8 

Value of in identifying minerals. 8 

Examples of value of streak. 8 

Prospecting Hints. 8 

Favorable places to search for mineral . . . . 8, 9 

Mineral stains, a guide.10 

Preliminary Test of a Mineral Deposit ... 10 

Sampling a mineral deposit.10, 11, 12 

Examples of results.12 

Surface Changes.12 

Practical examples given.13, 14, 15, 16 

Surface Indications of Copper.16 

Secondary enrichment of copper veins ... 16, 17 

Surface Indications of 

Tungsten.17 

Lead.17 

Cobalt.17 

Nickel.18 

Uranium (the source of radium).18, 19 

Iron.19 


v 



















VI 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Apparatus and Chemicals Required for Testing 19, 20 

Only a few home-made required.20 

Full directions how to make.21, 22 

Hints on Testing .22 

Quantity of mineral to use.22 

Wet and dry tests.23 

Full instructions in testing.23 

Testing for 

Aluminum.24 

Tin.24 

Lead. # . 24 

Zinc.24, 25 

Antimony.25 

Copper.25, 26 

Bismuth.26 

Mercury.26 

Manganese.26, 27 

Chromium.27 

Tellurium.27 

Arsenic.27 

Sulphur.27 

Mercury.27, 28 

Cobalt.28 

Nickel.28 

Selenium.28, 29 

Silver.29 

Gold.72, 107 

Tungsten.30 

Preliminary Examination of a Mineral or Metal . 30 

Oxides—not metallic in lustre—heavier than quartz 
—no action with hydrochloric acid .... 30 

Carbonates—active action in cold or hot hydro¬ 
chloric acid.30, 31 

Mineral yields sulphur fumes.31 

Mineral yields garlic odor.31 

Mineral yields chlorine fumes.31 




























CONTENTS 

vii 


PAGE 

Minerals wholly volatile. 

... 31 

Malleable metals .... 


Sectile minerals. 

. . 31, 32 

Minerals yielding fumes of iodine 

... 32 


Table I (Oxides) 

Minerals lacking metallic lustre, 

32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 

Table II (Carbonates) 

Non-metallic minerals — brisk effervescence in 

hydrochloric acid. 40, 41, 42, 43 

Table III 

Minerals of a steel-gray to black color. No fumes 

when heated. 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 

Table IV 

Minerals of a metallic lustre—yielding sulphur 
fumes on heating . . 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 

Table V 

Metallic lustre—minerals yielding a garlic odor 

on being heated. 57, 58, 59, 60 

Table VI 

Minerals lacking metallic lustre, and yielding a 

garlic odor on heating.61, 62, 63 

Table VII 

Minerals of non-metallic lustre—yielding chlorine 

fumes on being heated.64, 65 

Table VIII 

Metallic white minerals—wholly volatile on 

heating. 66, 67, 68 

Table IX 

Minerals lacking metallic lustre and completely 
pass off in vapor on heating .... 69, 70, 71 

Table X 

Minerals of a metallic lustre—malleable metals, 

72, 73, 74 







CONTENTS 


viii 

PAGE 

Table XI 

Non-metallic minerals which can be cut in slices 

without crumbling. 75, 76, 77 

The Rare Ores.78 

Commercial importance of.78 

Where and how to explore for the rare ores . 79, 80 

How to identify the rare ores . . . 80, 81, 82, 83 

Simple tests for uranium.84, 85 

Simple test for radium.85 

Simple tests for samarskite, euxenite, torbernite 

carnotite.86, 87 

Monazite.88 

Tests.88, 89 

Vanadium ores.89, 90 

Special test for vanadium.90 

Tellurides of gold.91 

How to know these important gold ores 91, 92 

Minerals and Metals Which Resemble Each Other 92 
A distinguishing characteristic or test given for 

each mineral.93 

Minerals resembling gold .93, 94 

Simple test to distinguish gold from all other 

minerals.94 

Platinum.94 

Metals which resemble it—and how to prove a 

specimen is platinum.94 

Palladium—Native Iron.94 

Argentite, and the Minerals Resembling It 95 

Bismuth—iridosmine.96 

Silver.96 

Graphite and Minerals Resembling It ... 97 

Sperrylite, and how to identify.98 

Nicolite, and the Minerals Resembling It . 99 

Minerals of a Lead-Gray Color Which Resemble 

One Another .99 




















CONTENTS 


IX 


PAGE 

Minerals of an Iron-Gray Color Which Resemble 

One Another.100 

Minerals of a Faint to Full Metallic Lustre 

Which are Alike in Appearance . . . 100, 101 

Minerals Lacking Metallic Lustre Which Look 

Alike .101, 102, 103 

Other Minerals Which Look Alike— How to 

Distinguish. 104, 105, 106 

Testing for Gold.107 









THE A B C OF 
THE USEFUL MINERALS 


The following data may be helpful to the man 
who is in quest of mineral deposits. 

The text is compiled by a prospector of thirty-five 
years’ experience in active work in the field. 

Herein are indicated the methods he found of most 
advantage, both in the search for and the identifica¬ 
tion of ores and metals. 

The outfit required in testing need not cost over 
fifty cents for a season’s supply. No skill is re¬ 
quired in carrying out any of the tests. 

Only ores and metals of commercial importance 
are included herein. This is to prevent confusing 
the student with unnecessary details. A few of 
the rare ores, for which no simple test is known to 
the author, are omitted in order to carry out in 
full the initial aim—severe simplicity. 

THE PAN 

It is essential that the prospector should know 
how to use the pan. It is not easy to describe the 
panning process, but the beginner may teach him¬ 
self by proceeding as follows: Fill the pan with sand 
and gravel to within two or three inches of the top. 
Place a few bits of lead about the size of apple seeds 
1 


2 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

in the pan, mixing the lead with the sand and 
gravel. Select a place where the water is still, or 
nearly so. Immerse the pan completely below the 
water, keeping the dish on a level, i.e., not tilting 
it to one side. Let the contents of the pan become 
thoroughly wetted. Lay the pan on a level place 
and vigorously work up with the hands the sand 
and gravel. If clay is present this must be rubbed 
between the hands into a watery mass. The pan 
is now firmly gripped at opposite sides and pressed 
below the water, keeping it level at the same time. 
It is now given a number of rapid half turns, the 
arms swinging freely to impart the proper motion 
to the pan. During this half-circular motion the 
pan must be kept level and must not bump against 
the bottom of the stream, or against anything 
else. If this initial process is properly performed 
the coarser particles come to the top, while the fine 
sediment remains at the bottom. The larger stones 
can be picked out by hand. The pan is again 
placed under water and given the same half-rotary 
motion as before. More pebbles and coarse gravel 
are on the top of the pan—and picked out. When 
the larger portion of the coarse material is got rid 
of, the second stage of the operation begins. The 
pan is placed under water, given several vigorous 
half turns, and gradually brought to a low angle, 
sloping away from the operator. This position 
brings the sand and gravel to the lower edge of the 
pan. It is now moved alternately away from and 
toward the operator, the movement of the pan 
being about three inches in each direction. The 


THE PAN 


3 


movements of the pan must be in a horizontal 
plane, and the contents of the pan are kept well 
under water. The wash dish should move with 
a steady, even motion. The sediment is being got 
rid of by the water currents induced by the motions 
described. These motions are frequently stopped, the 
pan pressed under water in a level position, and 
given a few half turns. The pan is again brought to 
a sloping position, but not abruptly , and the back¬ 
ward and forward motion resumed. When the 
most of the material is washed away the operation 
should proceed with greater caution, otherwise 
what was intended to be saved may be lost. The 
dish must be frequently filled with water, half 
rotated, as above described, and the panning pro¬ 
ceeded with. When only a couple of spoonfuls 
are left, the pan is nearly filled with water, taken 
out of the stream, brought to a low angle to allow 
the water to run off. About a cupful is retained 
in the pan. The water and sediment are now in 
one place in the dish. The water is made to circle 
around the bottom of the pan in one direction, and 
always over the residue left in the dish. 

The operation is a success if the bits of lead used 
as a check on the work are still in the pan. 

If the gravel happens to contain any magnetite, 
or other heavy mineral, such material will be found 
in the pan. The pan will save any mineral heavier 
than ordinary sand. The operator must practise 
panning until he masters the process. Once the 
knack is acquired the prospector has made a long 
step forward. 


4 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

The following is a partial list of minerals which 
the pan will save, should any of them occur in 
material under examination: platinum, palladium, 
iridium, gold, silver, brookite, metallic copper, 
magnetite, hematite, wolframite, chromite—all of 
metallic lustre. Also the following, which lack 
metallic lustre: scheelite, barite, tin stone (cassiter- 
ite), monazite, corundum, topaz, diamond. 

The stream gravel will usually contain more or 
less of the minerals which occur within its drainage 
area, especially if the stream is swift and the country 
broken. 

If promising indications are found in the river 
bars, the source should be looked for up-stream. 

A turn in the stream is a more favorable place for 
mineral to lodge than where the channel is straight. 
The heavy minerals are usually found near the 
bed-rock; but not always. In some cases the pay 
streak is high above the present watercourse—and 
also above the rock floor. 

Terraces left by the stream, before it cut the rock 
down to present level, should be examined. 

A soft bed-rock, such as slate, or decomposed 
material of any kind, should be dug into until it 
resists the pick, and carefully examined by washing. 
Sand and fine sediment in cracks and rifts in the 
rock should be carefully panned. Rifts crossing 
the stream at right angles are more favorable for 
mineral lodgement than those running diagonally. 
If a mineral, such as gold, platinum, etc., is found 
in angular bits, its source is likely to be near at hand. 
If, on the other hand, it is smooth and rounded, it 


HARDNESS 


5 


may have come a considerable distance. But its 
source is further up-stream; and locating the parent 
ledge is only a matter of diligent search. A heavy 
mineral, like gold, for instance, leaves a trail behind 
it, and the trail can be followed by the aid of the 
pan. 

The side watercourses, whether wet or dry, as 
well as the side hills, must be searched, at the point 
where the main stream no longer shows any in¬ 
dications of the mineral in quest. 

HARDNESS 

The hardness of a mineral is determined by 
scratching it with material of known hardness. 
Breaking a mineral is not a test for hardness. For 
instance, glass is fairly hard, but it is brittle and 
is easily broken. The hardness of glass is deter¬ 
mined when we get some material of known hardness 
which will scratch glass and which in turn is scratched 
by glass. A hard mineral will scratch a softer one. 
A crystal of calcite will scratch a copper coin, and 
the copper coin will scratch the calcite. They are, 
therefore, of equal hardness. Certain ores are 
constant in hardness. For instance, olivenite is al¬ 
ways equal to three in the scale of hardness; fluor¬ 
ite is invariably four; apatite is five. A particu¬ 
lar ore, if it varies in hardness, does so but slightly. 
The hardness of an ore should be carefully noted, 
as it is a valuable factor in its identification. Tiials 
to determine hardness should be made at different 
angles, and only on a fresh surface of a specimen. 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


If a specimen yields readily to the thumb-nail 

its hardness equals. 1 

The thumb-nail marks it fairly easily, hardness 

equals. 1.5 

Yields to the thumb-nail with difficulty, hard¬ 
ness equals.. 2 

A copper coin scratches it, but the thumb-nail 

makes no impression, hardness equals. 2.5 

A copper coin scratches it, and it scratches a 

copper coin, hardness equals. 3 

Will not scratch glass, a copper coin will not 

scratch it, hardness equals. 4 

Scratches glass with difficulty, leaving its pow¬ 
der on the glass, yields readily to the knife 

point, hardness equals. 5 

Scratches glass readily, yields to the knife point 

with difficulty, hardness equals. 6 

Does not yield to the knife, yields to the file with 

difficulty, hardness equals. 7 

Scratches quartz and corundum scratches it, 

hardness equals. 8 

Corundum equals 9. It will scratch all minerals 

excepting the diamond. 9 

The diamond is the hardest mineral.10 


The following minerals represent the scale of hard¬ 
ness: 

Talc, light green variety = 1. Crystalline gypsum 
= 2. Calcite; transparent variety = 3. Fluor¬ 
ite = 4. Apatite; transparent variety = 5. 
Orthoclase; cleavable variety = 6. Quartz; trans¬ 
parent variety = 7. Topaz = 8. Corundum = 
9. Diamond = 10. 

A copper coin; a stout piece of glass; a strong 
knife; a quartz crystal and a bit of corundum 
will meet ordinary requirements in testing 
hardness. Any dealer in mineral specimens 
will supply a suitable fragment of corundum for a 
few cents. 














HARDNESS 


WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY 

The density or specific gravity of a mineral is its 
weight compared to the weight of an equal volume 
of water at 60° F. For instance, a cubic foot of 
water weighs, approximately, 62J^ pounds. Quartz 
is 2.65 gravity or weight, and a cubic foot of it will 
weigh 2.65 times more than a cubic foot of water, 
or 165.625 pounds. The specific gravity of gold is 
19.30. A cubic foot of gold weighs 19, and nearly 
one-third times as much as a cubic foot of water. 
Iron is 7.3 in gravity. Therefore a cubic foot of 
iron will weigh 7.3 times 62.5 (weight of a cubic foot 
of water), or 456)4 pounds. 

Quartz and granite being the commonest rocks, 
and familiar to every one, the weight of each mineral 
treated of herein is compared with the weight of an 
equal bulk of quartz and granite. The gravity 
compared to water is also given. The hand should 
be familiarized with different weights. A number 
of trial pieces of equal size, but differing in weight, 
should be “ hefted.” After some practice a very 
slight difference in the relative weights of a wide 
range of specimens can be readily detected. The 
knack once acquired will be of great value to the 
mineralogist, remote from more refined methods in 
the fastness of the everlasting hills. 

STREAK 

Streak is the mark left when a mineral is scratched. 
Streak-powder is the dust from a scratched surface. 


8 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

The scratched surface of some minerals is markedly 
different from the rest of the specimen. Mispickel, 
for example, is a silver-white mineral. When it is 
scratched the mark left is black and altogether 
lacking metallic lustre. A mark or cut made on 
native silver is the same color as the rest of the 
metal. Specular iron in color is dark steel gray 
to iron black. When the knife point is drawn 
across it the mark left is reddish, and the streak- 
powder is cherry red. Iron pyrites is a brass- 
yellow mineral. The abraded surface is a dull black. 

The knife point, a quartz crystal, or a fragment 
of corundum can be used in making the streak 
test. The hardness of a mineral can be approxi¬ 
mated closely enough for all ordinary purposes in 
the same operation as the streak trial. 

Caution .—A soft knife point may glaze the streak 
line, that is, leave a film of steel along the abraded 
part of the specimen. A fragment of corundum is a 
first-class article for streaking. 


PROSPECTING HINTS 

Examine every rock exposure carefully. Learn 
to observe closely and critically. Give especial 
attention to any new feature of the formation under 
examination. 

The line of contact between two kinds of rock is 
a favorable place for mineral to accumulate. Ex¬ 
amine such a line and its vicinity. 

A dike, that is, for instance, a granite mass, or 
similar rock, cutting through slate, limestone, etc.. 


PROSPECTING HINTS 


9 


as a rule, has more or less mineral associated with 
it. Dikes, if not themselves mineralized, are 
almost invariably present in a region where valuable 
deposits of ore occur. 

A dike may be from a mere line to hundreds of 
feet in thickness; and from a few yards to miles in 
length. A section may contain but one dike, or 
there may be scores of them, all running in the 
same direction, or crossing one another at varying 
angles. A dike differs in texture and composition 
from the rock which it invades; and the line of 
contact is usually smooth and well defined. 

In many cases the edges or sides of a dike are 
close-grained, while nearer the centre the mass shows 
large crystals. In the vicinity of a dike shale is, as 
a rule, turned into flinty slate or jasper, limestone 
into marble, sandstone into quartzite, and any min¬ 
eral which may be present will also undergo change. 
Intensely heated steam and gases under enormous 
pressure are generated, and these readily dissolve the 
minerals of the rock mass. The superheated vapors 
follow lines of least resistance, filling rifts and open¬ 
ings in the strata, and when the conditions are suit¬ 
able the dissolved material is redeposited. Most of 
the leading mines of the world are within, or con¬ 
nected with, a zone of eruptive or intrusive rock. 

Some minerals, like tin, monazite, uranium, and 
wolfram, are only found in old strata. This is also 
the case with nearly all of the rare ores. Other 
minerals are found in the oldest up to the newest 
formations. Gold, silver, lead, copper, and iron 
are examples of such. 


10 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

Mineral stains are described in another chapter. 
Any manifestation of that kind should receive at¬ 
tention. A rock noticeably heavier than quartz 
should be carefully examined. 

Use the pan to determine the character of the 
floatage—not only along the stream, but on the hill¬ 
side and on the table-land. 

PRELIMINARY TEST OF A MINERAL 
DEPOSIT 

The pan can be used to advantage in testing 
mineral veins or deposits. Proceed as follows: 
After uncovering the lode, if it is not naturally 
exposed, to its full width, and for some considerable 
length, average samples are taken across the deposit. 
It is assumed the vein is 5 feet in width, and is ex¬ 
posed for 50 feet along its course. It is also assumed 
that the mineral content is evenly distributed. 
The average metal content of the exposed part 
of the lode is determined by chipping a channel 
about an inch deep and an inch wide across the 
full width of 5 feet. The rock chips should be 
as nearly as possible of the same size. The same 
process is carried out every 10 feet along the lode. 

There must not be any rejection of bits because 
they contain no mineral. The good, the poor, and 
the barren fragments must be taken just as they occur 
in the lode , otherwise the test will be of no value. 

Thus there are five lots of rock chips taken. 
These are broken down in the mortar to pea and 
smaller size. It is best to take only a few fragments 


PRELIMINARY TEST 


11 


at a time, emptying the mortar contents on a 
stout piece of paper or canvas when the indicated 
fineness is attained. When all the chips are broken 
up the lot is thoroughly mixed by taking hold of 
the opposite corners of the paper on which the 
ore rests, and elevating one end and then the 
other a score of times. The contents of the paper 
are now run in a small, even stream on a bit of 
canvas or strong paper resting on a level surface. 
The result should be a perfect cone-shaped heap. 
Mark with the knife point a light line crossing the 
pile in the exact centre. Draw another line across 
the first one and at right angles to it. The ore is 
now divided by these lines into four equal parts. 
Take a spoonful from each quarter of the pile, 
and place on another piece of paper. Repeat the 
operation, taking a spoonful from different parts 
of each quarter in rotation until a pound or more 
is obtained. The pound, or whatever weight of 
ore was taken, is pulverized in the mortar to the 
necessary fineness. If the mineral particles are in 
very small grains, the rock must be ground into 
dust in order to liberate them. If the mineral is 
in fairly coarse particles the grinding need not be 
carried to great fineness. The pulverized ore is 
weighed and carefully panned. Assuming the 
amount of ore taken weighed a pound, and out of 
that pound an ounce of mineral was obtained. 
The ore therefore contains 125 pounds of mineral 
to the ton. Say the ore is copper pyrites, 34% of 
it would be metallic copper. That is, 42.5 pounds 
of the 125 pounds is the metallic copper; the bal- 


12 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

ance is iron and sulphur. With copper at 12 
cents per pound the lode contains $5.10 worth of 
that metal to the ton. 

If the mineral in the lode is tin—cassiterite, 
the oxide of that metal, the 125 pounds contain 
78 per cent, of metallic tin, the balance of the 
125 pounds being oxygen. The 125 pounds of the 
tin oxide contain, approximately, 98.33 pounds 
of metallic tin. If tin is worth 40^cents per pound, 
the lode contains $39.33 worth of that metal to the 
ton. 

If the lode metal were silver, that is , the metal silver , 
not an ore of silver, and the market value of that 
metal 50 cents per ounce, a ton of the lode would 
contain $1,000 worth of the “ white metal.” 

In each instance the cost of mining, treatment, 
etc., must be deducted, in order to arrive at a 
basis for estimating the value of the deposit. 

In estimating the value of any mineral deposit, 
the following factors must be taken into account: 
The average ore contents of the lode; the market 
value of the ore; cost—including mining, treatment 
at the mine, freight to market. If the estimate, 
after adding a liberal percentage to the expense 
side of the account, does not show an ample margin 
of profit it were best to make haste slowly. 

SURFACE CHANGES 

The changes which rock and minerals undergo 
when exposed to the elements should have the 
prospector’s special attention. 


SURFACE CHANGES 


13 


A newly quarried block of granite is quite unlike 
a piece from the same mass which has lain under 
the weather for a long time. There is no resem¬ 
blance between red clay and black slate, yet many 
black slates break down, on the surface, into red 
clay. Iron, if long enough exposed, changes into 
a brownish powder, which bears no resemblance to 
the original metal. 

Supposing or assuming boulders of quartz are 
found along the base of a hill-side. They are stained 
brown or reddish-brown, and there is a reddish- 
brown, or yellow, powdery material showing in 
small openings or cracks in the rock. There is also 
an occasional spot of green, or a film of that color. 
On closer examination specks of gold are observed in 
openings of the rock where the yellow powder is 
largely washed away. After becoming satisfied that 
the parent lode, as represented by the float rock, 
contains gold in payable quantity, search is made 
for the primal ledge. After more or less search, 
a quartz vein is found under some depth of soil. 
Some of it is blasted out. The rock is carefully 
and anxiously examined for gold, but none of that 
metal is found. This vein can’t be the source of 
the float stone. It is of a different color. It shows 
no powdery material. There are no green stains 
on it. 

The vein contains a hard, brassy-looking mineral 
which when scratched turns black. There is also 
a brass-yellow mineral much softer than the other. 
This mineral when scratched is greenish-black, and 
the scratched part shines slightly. 


14 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

The gold-bearing boulders are not from this vein. 
They have no resemblance to it! 

Yes, the gold-bearing boulders came from this 
vein. The iron pyrites broke down under the 
weather into iron oxide—the yellow powdery stuff 
in the boulders. The sulphide of copper—the soft 
brass-yellow mineral of the vein—has been changed 
under the weather action to the carbonate of copper 
—the green stains and films. 

The gold, where is that metal? 

The gold in the ledge is in close admixture with 
the iron and copper pyrites, and is not visible. In 
the case of the boulders the iron and copper sulphides 
are largely changed and washed away, leaving 
particles of gold behind. Gold, unlike many of 
the metals, undergoes no change under weather 
action. An average sample from the vein shows 
under a test that it contains gold. There is now 
no reasonable doubt but that the gold-bearing 
boulders were at one time a part of the vein which 
has been uncovered. 

The indifferent observer might, and no doubt 
would, waste time and money looking for a vein to 
correspond to the gold-bearing float rock. In 
other words, he would not identify the source of 
the gold when he had found it. 

Similar conditions will confront the “man in the 
field” in the case of a great variety of ores and 
minerals, but close application, sound reasoning, 
and an absorbing interest in the work will unravel 
many a knotty problem. 


SURFACE CHANGES 


15 


Surface Indications of a Mineral Deposit 

Surface changes are more or less evident to the 
most casual observer. Chemical and mechanical 
changes work hand in hand. Both these forces 
are always at work, without stay and without pity. 
Iron breaks down into an earthy rust. This is 
one instance of a chemical change. Water seeps 
into the million cracks and rifts of the mountain 
mass; and if aided by frost, the openings in the 
rock yield to the tremendous pressure exerted by 
freezing water. This is one instance of a mechanical 
change. But it is not altogether mechanical. 
Wherever water penetrates, there also oxygen, that 
great inciter of change, finds its way, and, together 
with other gases and acids, attacks the less staple 
elements of the rock. 

The following is only one instance out of many 
which could be cited to illustrate surface change in 
its relation to mineral deposits. 

There is a certain range of low hills in the province 
of Nova Scotia made up of old rocks which contain 
an average of about two per cent, of iron in one 
form or another. In common with all other hills, 
these Nova Scotia hills were hammered at and beat 
upon by the relentless hand of change. The rocks 
were slowly but surely ground up, their iron contents 
dissolved and carried in solution into the valley. 
Nature's laboratory dissolved the iron, and it was 
but fair that Nature's laboratory should precipitate 
the same iron (but in another form) when it came to 
rest in the valley. Mud and clay—waste from 


16 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

the same hills—found their way into the low ground 
and spread themselves over the iron ore. The 
process went on, no doubt, for many a dim and 
creeping century. In fact, it is going on now, 
though less energetically, because the hills have 
been worn down to less steeper grades. That 
range of hills has yielded under the grinding of 
the mills of the gods, and Nature’s alchemy, 
enough high-grade iron ore to support, for over a 
score of years, two fairly large iron smelteries and 
twenty miles of railway. 

Surface Indications of Copper 

Ores of copper usually stain the vein stone blue or 
green in spots. Iron rust, a brownish-yellow to 
dark brown powdery material, often caps a copper 
deposit. Some deposits of iron rust show a green 
or blue stain or film of copper carbonate. If the 
rust deposit is large and shows green or blue stains 
an important body of copper may occur at depth. 
Some iron caps show no indication of copper on the 
surface, and yet cover a valuable deposit of copper 
ore. The copper, in such cases, has been leached 
out entirely and carried downward through seams 
and openings in the rock. A seamy rock allows 
surface waters to pass through it to a variable depth 
and is favorable to concentration of copper and 
other minerals. A tight rock is not likely to con¬ 
tain “secondary minerals.” 

Secondary enrichments may be outlined as follows: 
Sulphides of iron, that is, compounds consisting of 
iron and sulphur, such as iron pyrites, marcasite, 


SURFACE CHANGES 


17 


and pyrrhotite, are especially liable to change when 
exposed at or near the surface. During the de¬ 
composition of a sulphide acids are liberated which 
dissolve any copper which may be present. The 
copper-bearing solution is carried downward through 
openings and cracks in the vein. When the copper 
solution comes in contact with the deeper portion 
of the iron sulphide which is not decomposed, or 
slightly so, it is precipitated in the form of chalcocite, 
etc. Erosion is always exposing a fresh surface 
and the leaching of the copper goes on apace. The 
openings in the vein mass extend deeper; so that 
surface wear and the point to which the mineral¬ 
bearing solution penetrates maintain a fairly 
uniform distance apart. 

The cumulative results of this process when 
extended over a prolonged age on a large body of 
initial low copper content finds expression in an 
enormous body of high-grade ore. Not only copper, 
but silver, lead, and many other minerals, are 
subject to the process outlined. 

It is always well to examine by shafts or drill¬ 
holes any large body of decomposed sulphides. 

Tungsten. — Wolframite, hiibnerite, and scheel- 
ite, the leading ores of tungsten, are all subject to 
more or less surface change. Tungstite,'a powdery 
ochre, canary yellow in color, is an occasional 
result of the alteration of ores of tungsten. The 
source of the tungstite should, of course, be searched 
for. 

Lead (minium).—Some lead ores are occasion¬ 
ally changed to a bright red ochre. The ochre is 


18 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

noticeably heavier than an equal bulk of quartz, 
being one and three-quarter times heavier. 

Another lead ochre is pale straw-yellow. This is 
plumbic ochre. Results from the alteration of 
galena. 

Each of the above yields buttons or small glob¬ 
ules of lead at a low heat. 

Cobalt. —Ores of cobalt stain the vein stone a 
delicate shade of pink—to rose red. 

This ore is called cobalt bloom. It is easily 
indented by the thumb-nail. Fuses to a blue mass 
with borax. 

Nickel. —Nickel bloom is the result of the alter¬ 
ation of some of the ores of that metal. 

Decomposed pyrrhotite, if it contains nickel, 
will show green films and stains. 

These stains somewhat resemble green carbonate 
of copper, but they are of a paler color. 

Nickel bloom yields a green solution in nitric 
acid. (The silicates of nickel are pale apple green, 
but the color is not the result of change.) 

Uranium. —Torbanite is but one of the results 
from the alteration of pitchblende, the chief ore 
of uranium. It occurs in thin sheets or layers, 
much like mica. The sheets are brittle , and of a 
grass-green color. 

The streak—scratch mark—is paler than the rest 
of the specimen. Easily scratched by a copper 
cent. Its powder colors the alcohol flame green. 

Gummite, as the name implies, looks like gum, 
yellowish-brown. Scratch mark yellow. Easily 
marked by a copper coin. One and a half times 


SURFACE CHANGES 


19 


heavier than quartz. Autunite is bright yellow in 
color. Voglite is green, contains copper. The 
presence of uranium can be proven by applying 
the test for that element given elsewhere in this 
work. The metal radium is a constituent of some 
varieties of pitchblende. Needless to remark, a 
deposit of uranium containing radium would be 
a valuable proposition. 

Iron. —Sulphides of iron are prone to change. 
Compounds of iron and arsenic are also subject to 
decomposition. Hydrous oxides of iron are the 
usual results of these alterations. These oxides are 
generally soft and earthy ochres. An iron ochre 
differs from ochres resulting from the decomposition 
of other minerals by becoming magnetic when 
heated. That is, the particles will, after being 
heated to redness, adhere to a magnet. Lead 
ochres, etc., do not become magnetic on heating, 
and, besides, they yield globules of lead. 

Deposits of iron rust (ochre) should be sunk 
upon. Such deposits often cover valuable ores of 
silver, copper, lead, etc. 

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED 

The following list includes all the apparatus and 
chemicals required for identifying the minerals 
described herein: 

A pocket magnet. A strong knife. A pocket 
lens. Iron mortar, and pestle, weight in all not 
to exceed 1^ pounds. Small hammer, and a 
smooth piece of iron a, inch thick, for testing 


20 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

malleability. (The author has used, on occasion, 
a smooth cobble-stone, such as nearly every stream 
affords, for this test.) Place the specimen between 
the folds of a strong bit of paper. Lay on the stone 
and tap with the hammer. Native gold, silver, 
and copper flatten out under the hammer. 

Soda, either the carbonate or bicarbonate of the 
shops. 

Nitrate of soda (Chile saltpetre, NaNos). 

Hydrochloric acid,* nitric acid,f alcohol. 

Caustic ammonia—NH 4 OH. Solution of nitrate 
of cobalt. Roasting spoons. Deep and shallow 
crucibles. (See directions for making roasting 
spoons and crucibles.) 

Roasting Spoon 
(Directions for making) 

Cut a piece of thin sheet iron, tablespoon shape, 
but with the tip of the spoon more rounded. Cover 
the spoon part thinly and evenly with cement 
ground very fine. Make the cement into a thick 
paste with warm water. Set in not too warm a 
place until the cement has hardened. The fin¬ 
ished spoon should be rather larger than a silver 


* Strong hydrochloric acid can be diluted with an equal 
bulk of water. This had best be done at time of using the 
acid. The acid should be in a bottle fitted with a glass 
stopper. 

f Same remarks apply to nitric acid. A few drops of either 
nitric or hydrochloric are sufficient for a single test. Apply 
a few drops of the acid, and dilute with an equal quantity 
of water, to as pure as possible sample of the ore. 



APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED 21 

dollar, and the rim should not be more than a 
sixteenth of an inch higher than the bottom. 

The handle of the spoon should be at least 18 
inches long. 


Deep Crucibles 

These should be about a sixteenth of an inch 
thick and about two inches deep, and somewhat 
larger at the top than a twenty-five-cent coin, 
tapering slightly at the bottom. The crucibles can 
be made out of cement prepared the same as for the 
roasting spoon. A rough mould may be made from 
cardboard. When the crucible has set hard enough 
to bear handling it may be pared to the required 
shape and thickness with a knife. Place in a 
damp place until the cement has set hard. 

Shallow Crucibles 

These are made in the same way, and from same 
kind of material—finely pulverized cement, but are 
to be only half an inch deep, and the sides should 
bevel out at an angle of about 40 degrees. 

They are only roughly fashioned at first, then 
pared to shape and even thickness as soon as the 
cement bears handling. 

If cement is not at hand, pulverize soft wood 
ashes very fine, mix with an equal quantity of 
smooth clay * free from grit or sand. Add about 
2 per cent, table salt. Mix the whole mass thor- 


White or blue clay is better than a red clay. 




22 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

oughly, using only enough water to make the 
batch plastic. The mixed mass should be worked 
up in the hands for several minutes before shaping. 
Shape roughly by hand, and shave down to the 
desired form with a knife. Dry in the sun. 
Then bake, gradually raising the heat to redness. 
The above material will do for roasting spoon and 
crucibles. 

Serviceable articles can be made out of putty, 
if cement or ashes and clay are not available. A 
hard clay pipe will be of some service if none of the 
above are obtainable. The bottom of the pipe 
may be filled with smooth clay, then baked. 

The operator will require at least two roasting 
spoons and a number of deep and shallow crucibles. 
It is best to make a supply of each at one time. A 
tongs for handling the crucibles will be required. 
Examples of the purpose to which these apparatus 
are to be applied will be given beyond. 

HINTS ON TESTING 

In carrying out a test a fragment of mineral about 
the size of a pea is usually enough. It should be 
as pure and free from rock as possible, to insure 
the best result. In most cases the fragment should 
be pulverized and thoroughly roasted. The heat 
should be moderate at first, and after several 
minutes raised to bright redness. 

Thirty drops of the indicated acid, with an equal 
quantity of water, are sufficient in most cases to 
dissolve the requisite quantity of ore. Should the 


HINTS ON TESTING 


23 


mineral not dissolve in the acid, apply heat to the 
boiling point. If it refuses to decompose in acid, 
fuse the ore with three times its bulk of soda and a 
smaller quantity of nitre (saltpetre). When thor¬ 
oughly fused, dissolve the mass in acid, and proceed 
with the test indicated. 

Sometimes results are obtained more readily in 
the fire test, and vice versa, so both wet and dry 
tests are given in the larger number of cases. 

A blast lamp is of advantage; but every unneces¬ 
sary bit of weight the explorer carries is a handicap. 
A brisk wood fire will meet all ordinary require¬ 
ments in making tests by heat. 

Give the ore, or metal, in hand sufficient time 
to become highly heated beyond a bright red to 
a glowing white heat before deciding the mineral 
is not fusible. 

Do not use a crucible in which any traces of a 
previous trial remains. 

Use a stout length of wire, with a couple of 
turns at the end, in which the crucible fits. The 
crucible can be placed in the proper place in the 
fire, and also held in position, with the wire. 

In the case of ores a bean-sized piece is sufficient— 
and in some cases the best results can be obtained 
with less. In the cases of metals , a pea-sized frag¬ 
ment works well in the “ furnace. ” A trial for 
fusibility should be made on a fragment not larger 
than an apple seed, preferably ground to a fine 
powder and moistened, made into a little ball, and 
highly heated. 

Carbonates effervesce in hydrochloric acid diluted 


24 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

with one-half water. Powder the ore, place a 
little in a porcelain dish, add a few drops of the 
diluted acid; if no action takes place, heat the 
acid. 

Testing for Aluminum. —The principal ore is 
bauxite. Heat the powdered ore to redness. 
Moisten with a few drops of nitrate of cobalt solu¬ 
tion—and reheat—a fine sky-blue color indicates 
aluminum. Fused with three times its bulk of soda 
and the fused mass dissolved in boiling hydro¬ 
chloric acid for five minutes, and an equal volume 
of water added when cold, it will on the addition of 
caustic ammonia yield a white, jelly-like precipitate. 

Testing for Tin. —Cassiterite is the chief ore. 
Powdered very fine, and incorporated with three 
times its bulk of soda, cassiterite, after long heat¬ 
ing, yields globules of tin. Crush the fused mass 
in the mortar, and pan. The globules of tin will 
be more easily detected in this way. 

Testing for Lead. —Heat the ore to near red¬ 
ness, having previously mixed it with three times its 
bulk of soda. On cooling, globules of lead will be 
observed in the fused mass. Lead ore usually con¬ 
tains more or less silver. Some ores of lead carry 
high values in gold and silver. 

Testing for Zinc. —Dissolve the finely powdered, 
and thoroughly roasted, ore in nitric acid. Boil for 
some minutes. When cold, pour off the clear acid, 
making two parts of it. To one part add a small 
quantity of caustic ammonia. If a white precipitate 
forms, add more ammonia. The precipitate disappears. 
To the other part of the acid add a little ammonia. 


HINTS ON TESTING 


25 


A white precipitate forms. Filter the acid through 
brown paper. The precipitate is now caught on 
the paper. Place some of the precipitate on the 
R. S. and heat to redness. When cold add a few 
drops of nitrate of cobalt solution, and again heat 
to redness at the top of the flame. When cold the 
mass is of a fine yellowish-green color if zinc is 
present. 

Antimony. —Antimony, when characterizing a 
mineral, yields, on being heated, dense white fumes 
which have no odor. 

Testing for Copper. —Pulverize the ore very 
fine, roast in the spoon until all fumes cease to 
escape. Place the roasted ore in a porcelain dish 
and add nitric acid and water—equal parts. Let 
this stand for an hour. Insert a polished bit of 
iron—a nail or bit of iron wire will do nicely— 
in the acid. A coating of copper will form over the 
iron. A solution of copper in dilute nitric acid 
will yield a blue color on the addition of a few drops 
of caustic ammonia. 

A rough-and-ready test for copper: Powder very 
fine; roast thoroughly; drop the hot ore on some 
lard, or any animal fat to which one-eighth of its 
bulk of salt has been added. Heat slowly; when 
the lard begins to burn the flame will be colored 
green if copper is present. A lean ore will give 
green streaks in the flame, while if the ore contains 
a large amount of copper the whole of the flame 
will be colored green. 

Take some of the roasted ore, make into a ball 
about size of a pea, moisten with a drop or two of 


26 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

hydrochloric acid, drop this into a few drops of 
alcohol; ignite. The flame is colored green if 
copper is present. 

Bismuth. —Place the finely powdered ore in a 
porcelain dish with some nitric acid to which one- 
fourth its bulk of water has been added. In an 
hour’s time pour the clear part of the acid into 
another porcelain dish. Add twice its bulk of 
water; a dazzling white precipitate results if bis¬ 
muth is present. 

Mercury. —Place the powdered ore in hydro¬ 
chloric acid, boil for a few minutes. When cold 
insert a polished bit of copper wire, or any small 
copper article. Let it remain in the acid for a few 
minutes. Upon rubbing the copper gently on a 
piece of cloth it will have a silver white coating if 
mercury is present. 

Testing for Manganese. —The principal ores 
are pyrolusite, psilomelane, and manganite. 

Powder the ore; place a few grains of the powder 
in a porcelain dish, add a few drops of hydrochloric 
acid; the suffocating odor of chlorine is given off if 
manganese is present to any considerable extent. 
To a bean size particle of borax add a very little of 
the powdered ore, and fuse in the top of the flame. 
The mass will be colored deep amethystine while 
hot, reddish-brown on cooling, if manganese exceeds 
2 per cent, of the mass. 

(Horn silver [cerargyrite] embolite, iodobromite 
yield fumes of chlorine when heated. These ores 
yield a button of silver, with soda, if not 
without.) 


HINTS ON TESTING 


27 


Testing for Chromium. —Powder the ore to a 
fine dust, add three or four times its bulk of borax, 
and fuse on the roasting spoon. The fused mass is 
bright green, hot and cold, if chromium is 
present. 

Tellurium. —Mix with soda and charcoal dust 
and fuse in a closed glass tubule. When cold add 
a few drops of boiling water. The water becomes 
of a purple color when tellurium is present.* 

Arsenic. —Arsenic and its compounds yield on 
heating a strong odor of garlic. Dense fumes are 
given off at same time. (The fumes are 
poisonous.) 

Testing for Sulphur. —Powder the ore. Fuse 
with three times its bulk of soda. Moisten some of 
the fused mass and crush it on a polished piece of 
silver (a silver coin, etc.). The silver is stained 
a brownish-black to black color. All sulphides 
yield fumes of sulphur when heated. 

Mercury. —To the finely powdered ore add 
three times its bulk of soda. Moisten so it will 
form a ball. Insert in the bowl of a clay pipe. 
Then close the bowl of the pipe with stiff clay 
kneaded to a stiff “ dough.” Heat the pipe bowl 
strongly, the stem being immersed in water. Glob¬ 
ules of mercury will pass into the water if the ore 
contains an appreciable quantity. (The pipe stem 
should be long and of large bore. The bowl is held 
higher than the end of the stem while heated.) 
If no mercury passes, mortar the pipe—stem and 


* Fletcher’s Quantitative assaying with the blowpipe. 



28 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

all, then pan. Mercury, if present even in small 
quantity, can be observed in the pan. 

Testing for Cobalt. —Powder the ore to a fine 
dust. Roast over a gentle heat for some ten minutes, 
or until no fumes pass off. Then heat to redness. 
When cold, add three times its bulk of borax, and 
heat in shallow crucible to redness. A beautiful 
blue color is imparted to the borax if cobalt be 
present. The borax is blue, hot and cold. 

If iron or manganese is present with cobalt the 
borax will not give the beautiful cobalt blue color, 
in which case proceed as follows: 

Dissolve the ore—after first roasting it—in nitric 
acid. Filter the acid through brown paper. Add 
some caustic ammonia—a blue precipitate is formed. 
Add more ammonia, a red-brown solution is formed. 
The red-brown color following the blue indicates 
cobalt. 

Save some of the blue precipitate and add to an 
equal bulk of alum. Heat in the top of the flame— 
a light blue residue indicates cobalt. 

Nickel. —Cobalt and nickel are often associated. 
Many of the ores of nickel assume a green coating 
in nitric acid. The silicates of nickel are of a pale 
apple-green color. 

Testing for Selenium. —A fragment of the 
mineral is placed on the R. S., and held for a few 
moments at the top of the flame, and held under 
the nose a strong disagreeable smell is given off 
similar to decaying horseradish. Heated more 
strongly reddish vapor is given off, if selenium is 
present in considerable quantity. It occurs com- 


HINTS ON TESTING 


29 


bined with lead, in selenide of lead; with copper; 
with silver and copper, in eukairite—a silver white 
to lead gray ore; with lead and copper; with lead 
and mercury. Its presence is easily detected even 
in small quantity on heating an ore containing 
selenium. 

Testing for Silver. —Pulverize the ore thor¬ 
oughly. Roast gently at first, and finally at a dull 
red heat. Place the roasted ore in a porcelain 
dish, add equal parts nitric acid and water. Boil 
for a few minutes. When cold, filter the acid 
through brown paper, if filter paper is not at hand. 
To the clear acid add an equal quantity of pickle, 
that is, water charged with salt. A white curdy 
precipitate is formed. The precipitate turns black 
when exposed to sunlight for some time. The pre¬ 
cipitate may be fused with an equal weight of soda. 
A globule of silver results. Another test for silver— 
as silver in iron or copper pyrites, etc. Powder 
and roast as above directed. Heat the roasted ore 
in nitric acid for a few minutes. When cold add 
one-fourth its bulk of water to the acid. A clean 
strip of copper placed in the acid is silvered if 
silver be present. 

Testing for Uranium. —Pitchblende is the prin¬ 
cipal ore. Pulverize the ore to a mere dust and roast 
at a bright red heat for twenty minutes. Mix 
the roasted ore with equal parts of soda and Chile 
saltpetre (NaNOa). Fuse in a deep crucible. 
When the fused mass is cold place in a porcelain 
dish and add twice its bulk of nitric acid and one- 
fourth as much water. Let this stand for an hour. 


30 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

If uranium, is present a yellow powder forms. Filter 
off the acid and heat the yellow powder on the R. S. 
The powder turns scarlet if uranium is present. 

Uranium is the principal source of radium. 
To determine the presence of radium, see “ Test¬ 
ing for Uranium/’ 

Testing for Tungsten. —Powder the ore to 
dust. Roast at a bright red heat. Place the 
roasted ore in a porcelain dish—add hydrochloric 
acid—boil the acid for a few minutes. Set aside 
for fifteen minutes. Then add to the acid a few 
bits of metallic zinc, and boil. A fine azure blue 
color indicates tungsten. 

Another test: Fuse the ore with twice its bulk 
of soda. Place the fused mass in three times its 
bulk of water—heat to boiling for a few minutes. 
When cold, filter, add hydrochloric acid. Boil to 
dryness—a fine yellow powder remains if tungsten 
is present. To some of the powder add a few 
drops of nitric acid—the powder does not dissolve. 
Add caustic ammonia to another part of the powder 
—the powder dissolves. These tests confirm the 
presence of tungsten. 

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF A 
MINERAL OR METAL 

The following abbreviations are used herein: H., hardness. 

S. G., specific gravity. R. S., roasting spoon. 

Oxides, Etc. —Assuming the mineral is white— 
lacks metallic lustre—is heavier than quartz, does not 
effervesce with hydrochloric acid. Consult Table 1. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


31 


Carbonates. —The mineral is white, is not 
metallic in aspect or appearance; is heavier than 
quartz, and its powder effervesces in cold or hot 
hydrochloric acid. Consult Table 2. 

The mineral has metallic lustre, it is heavier 
than quartz. Its color is iron-gray to iron-black. 
No odor is given off when heated. Consult Table 3. 

The mineral has a metallic lustre, and yields, 
on being heated on the R. S., the odor of burning 
sulphur. Consult Table 4. 

Metallic Lustre: Garlic Odor. —The mineral 
has a metallic lustre, and yields, on heating on the 
R. S., a garlic-like odor. Consult Table 5. 

The mineral lacks metallic lustre, i.e. f it has 
not the look or appearance of a metal; it yields, on 
heating on the R. S., a garlic-like odor. Consult 
Table 6. 

Non-Metallic Lustre. —Yields fumes of chlorine 
on heating on the R. S. Consult Table 7. 

Metallic Lustre. —Yields fumes of chlorine on 
being introduced into hot hydrochloric acid. See 
“ Testing for Manganese.” 

Metallic Lustre. —Silver-white to lead-gray 
color, wholly volatile—that is, a fragment placed 
on the R. S. and heated passes off without leaving 
any residue. Consult Table 8. 

Unmetallic Lustre. —Minerals that are wholly 
volatile on the R. S. See Table 9. 

Metallic Lustre. — Malleable Metals. — The 
metal flattens out under the hammer; thin slices can 
be cut from it. These slices will not crumble. 
Consult Table 10, 


32 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

Unmetallic Lustre. —Sectile minerals. Thin 
slices can be cut from the mineral. The slices will 
flatten out under the hammer without crumbling. 
Consult Table 11. 

Lustre not Metallic. —Yields fumes of iodine 
on the R. S. Iodyrite—composition: silver, 46 per 
cent., iodine, 54 per cent. 

Minerals yielding the odor of selenium on the 
R. S., see under “Testing for Selenium.” 


TABLE I 

Minerals Lacking Metallic Lustre 
No Effervescence in Hydrochloric Acid 

Marble, quartz, and gypsum are examples of 
minerals lacking metallic lustre. Gold, copper, and 
nickel are examples of metals having a metallic 
lustre. Chalk, clay, and granite have not the look, 
aspect, or appearance of the metals, and so are un¬ 
metallic in lustre. 

Besides lacking metallic lustre, the minerals in¬ 
cluded in the table will not effervesce in acid, that 
is, will not “boil” or bubble when acid is applied 
to them. Limestone is an example of a mineral 
which effervesces strongly in acid. All carbonates 
effervesce in either cold or heated hydrochloric 
acid, therefore carbonates are not included in this 
table. 



PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


33 


o3 if 02 ^ 02 

£ ‘ r ' 1 ftft ® 43 


02 ^ 44> 
02 m 

bft -X! g 
g p —.» 

«—• 17-5 ^ o3 

+-> 5 o> 

§43 02 
02 - 
43 43 
O 02 


co 

<^> 


O 

45 
02 

3 

• S 02 

P§X5 

02 P +3 

o 43 -r 

o o 
”0 43 43 
OOO 

S-i o 

o -H 

73 53 

£ 4i 

O © 
£<45 
o o 
43 O 

H £ 


p p 
^ o 

c3 

y 02 

g ‘o 

a 0 a 

w d 3 

•—1 d 

CQ SI 


§ 52 s. 
aa d 

^ a *53 


8<sU 
g $ § 
£43 

m t3 03 
02 4-2 

43 03-° 

n - P 
o c 

O § 02 

-4 O 

rj 05 O 
r 1 >- 4-2 
g 

P*S8-« 
r3 ®3 
P 02 g 

* &j§ 

1-8 
•■3 gM 


O • 

► 43 

43 c3 

P * 
O^ 

c-° 

s s 

43^ 

4-2 1 -1 


O rf-LJ 53 43 
P £ o r g . 
O s-3 *? g£ 

02 S-JH 0.03 

-43 ►> 4-42 43 

£ “"g'g -2 ^ 

3pp| g-a 

^ 13 3 go § 


10 


o 

O OQ 

• r< 153 r-4 

4 . Sbl'si 

II >? p 3 

SH £> g 4 
r w cj 43 g r> rr 1 
O o m c3^ 0 

*Z 53 


CO 


« 


1 

43 

H 


_ ^ bfl 

P rt> g 


_3 • f-H - 4— > . 

w n d) 


d 02 o' 

43 J 


O <12 cl) 


lO 


~ — L_, 

c3 s_, $ _<N 


02 02 d ► ?_r 
3 02 ft ., o^ 1 

a 32 S^eif p 


_ n] 3s 

P P O 0*0 O 
ZJfl O O- 02 


© oT^foo 

;g nO ’“' <N 

1 sag 

v P 43 fa£) 
f-i P ►» 
£• dP X 

o 


p 


Il 

« 

CQ 


- • • o 

o *43 

43 43 

O TJ - 

O 43 

■^ d ! 

&**% 
<=>12 
_ 4^43 P 

02 cSi -*4 

«o o *r* .03 13 

■eo Kfl ^ *' “» 

<i2 


w r~ • -h 

^ 53 

.S - ^ 

4-2 0^0 

P t>> 02 , 
^ Sr3 h 
O 03 0243 


O ^ ( 

o P 02 43 
n 3 o » 

»t §.a 

HH Cl— S 


■a fejd 

S P o 
P 02 o3 
' „ tH 43 
-rt o42 

£ 43 -M 
O 02 43 

4-2 i-r4 02 

.2®'S 

043 C 
d »2 l> 

P 43 O 

O 4 

b/D p^42 

■s c3 -- 

^gs 

W • r-H 

P 73 P 

S^l 

02 02 o 

03 P « 

^ 1 _ 1 


t a 

ZJ <4H 


02 DQ 


^43 
qj 5S 
."g ’p 

f2_ 

^ >yg g^ 




4 43 ; o a> ... 
££<d£ * 

O'bC S «2 

043 g 

02 


P 

c3 02 P 
£ OJ3 • 
C 2 43 3 42 n 

• P.S ^ t, 
P 4*.g S 
PP3 > P 
pH p cr 

O 043 02 


t 


co 


no 

1 

CO 


CO 


02 
O c3 

S 02 

P “ 

03 d 
02 ^ ^ 
Q2- S ^ ° 
03 


CQ 

<D 

<-*-< 

O 

CQ 


<D 

?h r< 

0.H 

p. 




4 ^ ^ ?3 


CO 


c3.P 
>2-0 
O 
4 
02 

» c a 

4 o P 

02 Q 

O 


43 5 


T}J 

S-4 o 50 

0 73 ^no 
43 ’P 50 ^ 
3 O CO ‘-4 

2 

4^> 

m 


tn 

"S 























TABLE I .—Continued 


34 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


e'g'o* 

C55 =0 

'2 © 
1.2 ^ 

1-1 

s -ls 

£ d 
'33 "8 ®3 

d m 
CD 3 


rrt d 

GO o 

o 

cd O be 
dX c3 

H la 


S of v ^ | 

?| § jls 
* 2^ 
o g £ a § ?=> 
So £ 


o 

O 


CO 

I 

ic 

oi 


d 

d3 *S 
o o 

x 03 ° 

o ^ 

■s >>5 
£x a 
a a 

™ 8 


o 


S a ^ 
x^ -x 

rj ‘Cl T—1 O 

o gX —00 


*o 

Olw i 



CD 

(£ "c3 o3 

d 

tS3 

dX 

fH 

1 

lo 


c3 

X 

ID 

d ^ oo 

dX 

Cj 


OD ® 

tH 

d 

II 

deg 

o> 

cr 

d 

< 03-5 




X £ dXX 

O h mrnTj 

-Q ^ 

TJ ~ 

03 a aj ^g*g 

cr3 f-i d X ° 
^ S CD 
PTi W CC ffi 
(- 1 >Z X GJ X 

.d X,-g s-s o 

2 a) ^8^ 

oSXrg 
d s_ ^ 

G ^ _C3 

£> *"d 
o.-d ^ 
ddx £ of 

7 *~~! C CD , n-f, 

2-g^O 
° o3 co 03 

O d X 

f- «+H O 


d c3 8i 


. ;x 

op 


a> a> 


CO 

<1 o3 


<v 


o 

XX ao 

x d 




c3 


/—i' 

*, 0) « *H 

ogS» 

(3 8 m 


t*h 

CD | S3 £ _ 

1 -Sjgss 

T 3 cc o 3 
c3X £ Sh d 

cd a d .2 cr 
£ 03 V 


CO 

I 

lO 

oi 


r T3 d 

o *S 

«-^H O 

x !>■> o 

CD Cl 

go o 

o 


a 


o3 . 


jx coX • 
X ^.Sn 03 o 

<P T3 4 ^C)T! 

'cTl'v dT*‘x 
“ ° ° 

a 


«3 

’3) 

d 

◄ 


£ . 
•+J 

CD 

X D 

-*J CO 

•r d 
p ^ 
. 

CD 

G X 

J2 d 

03 g 

<D 

CQ 

'-*-( 
<+H O 

d D 
— X! 

fd co 


O <u 

-4-^ * <S> 

s 


0?i O 
»5 o 

a *n 
© d 
1.S 


o © 

• C3s 
n'd 8 

id <d e . 
o l-( a © 

CD o S 

fe bfi'd ^ 

©x-fe 
U cc 


ic 

II 

d 


0) 

o S 

1 rH C3 p—i 

b“ S ^ « 


W51I 

^ M M 

03 


T 

TtH 




X 5 o 
rd <<— 
co •« 
c3 d 
CD X 
to a 
r d x 

CD ^ 
L~ O 

>-• '*-> 


I- 

C5 CO 

^ o 

d °o 
S3 o 

fcX' cj 
X CS3 

O 


« 

d 

N 


Usually in thin leaves, like mica. The leaves are brittle. One variety in grains. 

































PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


35 


02 
• * 
Jp 

£ 

c3 

O 


+3 

c3 

b£) 


GO 73 
® § 
3 


c3 


111 

0,0 


02 


c3 
O 

4~> 

•<s> 

02 

o ^ 
m 
P 


S 

rH . ^ f— 

02 

c3 ^ 

Us 

m 

m^S'S 

eg 4-3 .S 

a^ £ 


a> co 

-c-g •«* 

H :• 

£ lu 

SH* « . 


c3 

4-3 

c3 

02 

0) 

xn 

P 

Ph 


§^T3 § 

°.3 § 8 

© £ S'! 
o ^ 


oT’-S 

8 ® s 

rO C3 f-H 

o 


§ £ 


02 0^ 


02 

02 g 02 

I'i'gl^s 

-.2 8 S 

1 02 r-C ^ o 

a o ® 
v o« £ ° & 

CC £ o 

02 




o 


I 

02 <+H £> 

P '"g c3 S 
O S § £ N 

O 73 02 


c3 


-2 fl 

c3 


0) 


10 

*d 


w 


_ 02 m 

<2 2 =3 

• <"H r-P 02 
£ g ,h 
M ^h 
H 03-P 

t_i •i 

O £ 
02 ^ 


02 -,-T 

(M ^ 


CD 

*o 


§ $ O 

8a .a 

xm^ 

O 


c3 

02 

O 


c3 

o 

4-3 

X 

c3 

P 

■15 

• i—i 

J» £ 

*Q 

•55 ® 

£2 02 

da 2 

h£fe' 


<4-H 

0 o 

02 


o 


a % £ 

&;s * 

g ?-H 

£ £ 
o a 

c3 o3 

^ CL 

+3 
^ +2 02 
S ^ p 

+-3 02 

flp.2 

P * P 1 :■ 

a^rv 

M ^ o 
S o 

o fe 


73 
o 

m CL ^ O 
MP 'P <P 

03 -^O 

o 0 


blD^ 


02 


^ g 

^•^.s s a ^o ^ 

!_, O ^ 02 J2 +3 .2 
^ CrH 02 ^ ^ Lh 

,2 

O 2 CL O dn 

O M as 


o 

cd 


O 


02 

^ GO o3 

1J 

o3 ^ 


S ci^ 

O-a g 


2? c3 


cr 


10 
l 

TJH 

11 

w 


02 


1 

O 

0^ . f-H 

+> a 
m o a ^4 

2.00 




02 


lO 

. • 1 —( 


IO 


C^ 


« Sg's 


02 

P 

i 

ji 

13 

V 


02 o 

.a § 

a 

T3 

p 2 

o GQ 
7D »4-. 
^ ° 

^3 

ca i§ 


.a & 

o 

o ^ 

o hP 

a 4-3 

H ^ 


O <+H 

43 o 
r r1 co 

O 02 

4-3 rj 

^ n 
02 

bC 

73 

GO 2 

^ 02 

S'£ 

O 73 

rO 02 
Lh 

?"-si 

a.SP a 

^ o 

c3 rO 02 


1 

02 


c3 

02 


02 


^ G 
to ^ 


*j.S g,s| 

11 § .a- I 

02 (70 o hh ^_j Mh 

^ 02 

o M 2 o 3 a a? 

0 Hi o-g3 

O | 


CO 

cd 


O 


gsa.S^ 

fl c3 > ?h 

o^ c3 a 


02 


p 

cr 


3 

o 02 rj 
_n 73 02 p 

^9.§| 

4-3 


*o 


w 


O ^ 

3-s^ >, 

a iaC t).r3 

O GO 

8 

||ig.-a 

02 


02 

773 




GO 




00 ^ 

o3 02 O CL 

O 0.^0 4^ 

m ft c3 
®6 & 


02 

CZ2 

CO 

4 -^ 

a 

o 


































TABLE I .—Continued 


36 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


£ 


a; GG 
+Z 44 
03 

fc£) GQ 
P 03 

h| 

<2 o> 

b£)pp 

P ^ 

• H 

44 ,P 
CG Tj 
CD -P 

H £ 

- QJ 

« “ 

CD ^ 

GO fa 


GQ 

d 


"d 

03 

CD 

CD 

o 

*H p 
Ph A 

CD 

g'S 
2 w) 

*p 3 
^ 3 
nd ^ 
P 5 n 


d 


03 


"d 

• *\ 

oj 3 

-O _ 
o a 

GO CD 

# ^ 
<4H • r-H 

O bfl 


CD 

44 

• pH 

pP 

£ 

Sh 

O 

»—-H 

o 

U 


03 

0) 

• >—i 
44 

O 

• H 

Jh 

d 

> 

03 


03 

44 ) 


£ 03 

o - .tj .22 h.„ 

73^^ § cu °^C 

p • »-■ ^ ^ l> 


o 

GG 


>> a 

sli 

d n ^ 
03 ^ 

M 

CD 


CD 

* >> £ 
m 


Jh 

d 

03 

P 


d 


m 

CD 

•si 

d ^ 


P 

d _ _ _ 

3 




pP 

4-5 

u 

<D 


> 
d 
<D 
^pP 


P ° 
8^ 


S3 

44 

pH 

d 

P 

cr 


*o 

i 

iO 

Tf< 


ffl 


03 rrt 
w C 3 

•gpP M 

§ “j 

-HpP C3 

CD 4-> 

d 

Jh 


d 


o 

CD GG 

m 


P 

1 pH 

0 bL 
CD ^ 

. • pH 

Cl 9? 

ag 

o 

CD 


P ' 03 


CD , 
03 -rj r 1 

P uO cG P 

44 CO P . p 

go5^ 

Oco^'G 

O <« c3 


P 

03 

b£) 

>> 

X 

o 


o 

p^ 
d P 

d 


03 


CD 

CD 

pP 

CD 


k! ^ 

d 
e3 ® 

2 So 

^ h3 
03 ^ 
d fl 

.2 +-> 

p 

^ o 


d 


>> 

P 


o 

a 

d 

cp 

CD 


£h 

t O 

'E 

CD 

44 


..a 

>5 03 

P^ 
So" 


44 OP 
CD 


^ pH 


rrH O 

T 3 44 


CD . 
2^ 

7) ffi'H 4) 

■^13 ^ 

P CD 
pP fe O 
CD ^ O 

life 


p 

o 

bO 

P 


03 


03 

d 

(D 

03 

OP 


44 

P _ 

n 03 

".S 
o 


44 

d 
• 03 

•-3 


.ts.-g ctp: 


d 

CD 

O 

44 

03 

CD 

P 

d 


44 

P 


pO dO 

oT§ 


>b P 
> 03 
d pP 

03 w 


p 

o 

03 

03 

d 


03 

P 


n § -O ^d 

?p “ o 

- p d q 


03 

03 

03 

03 


d *h 


GO 


03 


P 

^ 03 

03 pp 


03 


^ CD ^ 


a h^-§ 
■ a a 


o 

03 

GO 

d 


d 

Pl' 

CG 


d 5S 


03 p 


d 


> ° 


^3 ^ a 


“H ^ 

p s. 03 


P 

03 

03 

03 

44 

03 

03 

X 3 

03 


03 - 

-P 03 ^ 

CD 03 
00 

on w 

pH d 


03 ,-P ^ 


:'—> p-h 

r 4 O 
D-p- r 


pP 

H 


a 

44 

03 


P 

o 

03 
03 
CD 

P 

"d 

03 

?H 

o p 

^ o 

d "p 
03 g 

rP ^ 

?h 03 
03 

^*4H 
^ ° 

Bh-^ 

03 ^ 
44 


03 

CD 

03 

03 

. *H 

o 


03 

Jh 

o 

o 

CD 

44 


W 


d 


Ph d 

§ 03 

2 ^ 

pP 03 

ate 

aa^S 


44 

d 

pP 

44 


03 

P 

• pH 

pP 

03 


44 

pP 

b£ 


bD O 

P ^ 

d 03 

"d ^ 

03 44 
?H GG 

^pO 

03 ^ 

O 03 

Jh ^h 

^ o 

p r 0 

03 § 
03 ^ 
Jh 03 

^pP 

^44 


d: 


n 

^ 03 r2 

bC dH 


03 

44 

^4H 

d 

44 

d 

• pH 

03 

a 

a 


03 

CD 

d 

a ti) 
p 

^h d 
d 03 
dp 


pP 03 O 

bo 2 03 mi 

• P-( H*. 


GG 

CD - 

P 44 


b£ 2 03 a tT 2 2 

*c 03 ktS <y_3'C 

s_ CD 4-4 j-j CD w > 


d 


I “•g’Hs-s a 

O J5 


P n. 

CD 

H d • 
d d 44 

a 2 p 

03 +4 03 

P 1 

I a 

44 0 

03 


*o 

CO 

I 

CO 


d 


d 


Ih 

<3 sj 

■ P 44 
> ^ 


■d 03 5 d 
p 44 § ^ 

* cr 
® C3 



d 




w 


3*1+3 • 
0 

P_< | GQ • pH 

44 03 CD -£ Cg 

2 sa w 0 


GG 

03 

pP 

CD 


^H 

CD 

CQ CD 


°w 


CO 


>0 


CD 

.a ^ _ 
a 

§^.a 

11 

M d 

O 


03 


O 

d 


2 i fa 


d 

"2 

> 


Fluorite is used largely in smelting, etc. A large deposit near shipping would have considerable 

























PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


37 


22* a 

+*+* i » 3 

o3 * ^ 

c £ ^ 

' a § 

CO Cj 2 

I 8 £ 

a o oj 

00 c 
«*S £°'g 

^ O) 2 

c«J2 «« 

*■* s a 

^ a a q a 
CctSq^ m c3 


? 03 J 

1 ^ ^ O 

3 <».S'g.8,3 

2 -JJ d -Q 

i^llst 

; <2 -°a 


a 


« -11 

■g|i| 

§!.§§• 

a) 3 03 rt 

fi § 

o S-a 


'Spas 53 

^ &^4 g i §* 

H £ ^ 8 


co 

<N ^ 
rco fl . 

:e'§3 

:.l »s 

'■cfe 

o 


!!|!J£, 

..^fl'il 
0,0^0^® 
o-Q-g S-h^ a 

• fH f . . (X ■ Cy H W 

£ ^►SS'gjjg 

8 £ °£ 
T3 .-S 8 C M) 03 

h3 +3 . 2 03 

13 go 

l§l-s' 3 -S 

^ b ° ® c 

s5 " ”3 H ^ 

V ftl £ 3 o 































Cassiterite is the principal ore of tin. It occurs in granite or granitic rocks only. 
The ore is usually of a brown color, but some ores are black, yellow; one variety red. 
When in nearly clear crystals it is highly lustrous. When scratched with a fragment 
of corundum, or topaz, the mark left is pale gray to brownish. The variety which is 
only 6 in hardness can be easily scratched by a crystal of quartz. The harder ore, 6.5 to 


38 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


to 

d 

• H 

ft 

d 

• r—1 

P 

k 

O 


O 

CO 

Gd 

G 

a 

D 

G 

• rH 

. 3 

^ B 
^ a 

a s 

G ° 


cr 


i 

d 

G 

O 

C3 

Gd 

O 

CO 

«-)-i 

O 

ft 

3 

ft 

CO 


D 

.a § 

£ g 

^ c3 
^3 ft 

ft D 


CO 

CO 

D 

G 

G3 

Q 


o 


3 -e 

^ o 
o << 


I ® $ 

k> P 

P< * 


d 

G 

• rH 

co 

d 

f-H 

D 

ft: 

ft 


ft 


o 

ft 


D 
co 

. . S3 
cS Qj 
ft ^ 


d d 
<-CS ft fl 
OJ .2 ftl 
ft k 

CO Sh 


ft V 
CD G3 
ft £ 

Sh ft 
O ft} 
CO 

G £ 

?H ft 

3 N 

P O 
• c3 

•3 p 

ft c3 
ft M 

— ft- 

TJ % 

D ft 

- c3 

S3 

ft CO 
fl D 

§ 3 

§■ a 

k> w 

ft} D 

G3 ft 

2 03 

-£3 ft3 
D k 
ft k 
o3 D 

s a 

co o 
co CO 


r £ 


CD 

D 

d ® 
ft o 
cj k 

- I 

~ ft 
« S 

ft ft 


o3 

D 

ft: 

G 

0) 

ft 

£ 


ft 

G 

0) 

CO 

CD 

Sh 

Ph 


CD 

ft 


cj 

Si 


G 0} 
#r ^ ft 
§ O 

P ft 

03 (D 

hr -g 


o > 

co ft! 
<D ft 


S-l 

O 


G 

<D 

ftj 

£ 


<D 


j= * 

O n3 

'fab g 


rj ft 

• S G 
o3 

CO 

ft 

3 g 

k, ° 

^ ft2 
ft 


o 

co 

G 

O 

ft 

ft 

G 

ft 

co 

3 

3 


p 

• rH 

D 

O 

CO 

CO 

o3 

G 

D 

ft 

ft 

O 

CO 


ft 

G 

PQ 


D 

ft 

G 

JD 

ft 

G 

s~< 

O 

ft 


k> 

ft 

• rH 

ft 

G 

o3 

G 

cr 

ft 

o3 

ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

t-< 

G 

O 




D 
ft 

• rH 

D 
ft 

• rH 

co 

CO 

c3 
D 

c3 

D -o 

b O 

ft CO 

ft 

ft 


D 

G 

O 

r—H 

c3 




D 

> 

D 

ft 

ft 

ft 

hr 

G 

o 

Sh 

ft 

ft 

T3 

D 

ft 

G 

ft 

• rH 

s-< 

ft 

to 

• rH 

T5 

co 

• rH 

D 

Jh 

o 

D 

ft 

ft 

to 

D 

a 

• rH 

ft 

D 

a 

o 

m 


D 

Oh 

CO 

G 

co 

CO 

• rH 

D 

f-> 

O 

D 

ft 

ft 


S 

8 

‘■G 

i 

<3 


H 

ft 

ft 


rf'S 

c3 ft 
ft u 

3 .b 
§ ^ 

D 

O 
ft 

D 

G 
ft 

O 

ft 

ft 

D 

o 

D 

ft 

ft 


D 

k 

O 

ft 

c3 

to 

o3 

g" 

p 

ft 

D 

ft 

ft 


D 


-t-s 

O 

G 


G 

O 

• pH 

G 


O D 
G^ 

ft % 

S.a 


M 53 

^ ss 

.—I 03 
03 

"oft 

O CD 

_c c3 
Gs <D 

•G-G K 
ts o 

_ kj'o 

Sg w 

G M® 
CD "G 5 s 

■ 4 -‘ ft 

m <-c> 
OG « 
S 03 


<0 


m 


ftft= g k 

to 


co to 


® 4 3 
52 o? o 


G CG 
cd G <D t3 G 

.oft b> f-< - 

Sh 

O 


g a, ; 

S3 


cq 

co 

II 

d 


0^.0 _N 

3 1 o3^ cr 

G-G g G 
® G § G 


k d h m M 

°J 8 . gk 
00‘21^-S §-a= 
-f I o g &s1 


• k r; h-h 3 

W GQ^ “ ^ 


S3 


-d g 3 g 

.s.a & 

c3 ^ - 


^ Qw 
>- S o k> 
ft S o k 

o 

C -- 


< CQ 


N 

« 

a 

o 

H 














PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


39 


-9$ s •■& n 

8)'H O 0) ■—4 
§73 3 -g cS 

-d g'S'S,® 

d os.Sf 02 
o> h d 
•—5 +j 13 _n d 
rd oq 73 3 

_bP‘2 ^ O 5 q 


c3 CC 

co 

dS d 

-43 

"5 co 


o 


H 'S 


OJU 3 w 

•3 ®-o ^ .« 

^ 2 o~i 

fe--" « be 
I? O^.S 
g 8 « 2-3 
2 c s* 3 o 

o a « 

’3 a 

<s**y°. 

O QJ CO ^ 

rH Q,) e. . O CO 

-a a 

03 c$ fl § 


GO 

S|i 
© © « 
o c g 
5-g d 
03 oa-§ 

2 be 
5 i= d 
d'd 

flj id 

H .2 
3 
b£ 

d 


-4-3 

2 t- 
d bC' 


V- 1 03 


03 -• 

'-o £ 


CD 

M g 
O d 

O 02 


<D >3 

o 0 

Si 



03 03 

ca 


TfH 

— ^ 

'S a 

-d 

-43 

'd' 

D 

II 

d .2 
o3 i3 

O 

cr 
<d : 

d 

0)^=1 
d la 

'> 

d 


O ^ 

ca 

CD 

a ■ 


o N 


02 <u . ® N 

03 t5-S r 2 d fcT'S 

cq x +3 d ca 

<D 03 . o bcrd -i 

-1 ^ A S “"l O' 

li o "S 2 d ® o 

a ■^"■i 


°3 a 

CD H 
^ 2 • 
c .S<n 
© gw 

b£ 3 *0 

ll 


2 

3 

*3 

S 

3 

IU 

O 

V 


r2 

r bC 


2 q3 73 

jO D © 

a-c S 

a §=3 


d 

13 


Si 

CD 

dl 


13' 

I ^ 

d (U . . 

CO Id 

‘~ r ^'£ 5 
d g ^ 

.2 5 - 

S 

£ a 3 
.8’g 
a * q 


*5 


3 « S-fl =3 >?£ hi .9 £ 

£ d+3 d^'w-2 ^ ° ^ <* 
co d c3 


■Ss-'StfJ.Sl-ss 

| « > |q.^ s| S'S’-gJ 

^ 52 bfijg O ^ o to 03 03^1 


o3 c3 

^ 03 
2^: 
o 


O M O in ~ 

>w3 b a _S 

-43 s] 13 d 


.2 w 

S^ h .i3 gn 03 d^ bJ0-d r b'* 

•i!l||ll-i^| 

M r!!^ 8 i! 

- is;*! 


£ 


id d _C3 3*3 D j-i 

I H _r > g 1 ^ 


T3 

CD , 

I§ ^ • 
'd.bfloj 
Si r —3 d 

d 


3 


O 
O 

■4-H t> 

O > 


5 a m 2 • 

03 13 d 


03 >4 

a <a 


a 


^ - - 


>>, d 2 a ca aT*« ^ ^ 
-g o g.S cuo o ^ 

©-p'-p-d 2-2 ^rd 2 


3 ° C 

i|a 

3 2 
sh d 
O 0^4 

©13 d 
03 O 

'S 03 s 8 

Sja-S is § 

8 g 43 -! 

• 2 d d 

2 "a ^ 
§ § o § 

cc rt s< 

co-d—j bJO 

d <D 2 ^ 

a * bb 

2 o^ 

2d3 
co • a <d 
rd tn .3 f r* 
ea a 13 rd 

13 d D 13 

g,as g 

S a g.-3 

'b-Q a) t>> 

2 S 

-I 3 ^9 $ 

? £-2.2 

i c3 ai ^ 

3 co ^ of 

q^o j 

03 03 

h >4 

Si s- 

<D O 


&Sss f'S't, 1~1 

ffl4 -baddiM.S a^-2 ^ 






















40 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


w 

h4 

PQ 

Eh 


H 

O 

£ 

Ph 


Q 

W 

i—i 

P 

Pk 

Pk 

gq 


H 

H 

fl 

£ 

w 

ffi 

s 


u 

o 

t—I 

Ph 

o 

q 

X 

u 

o 


P5 

fl 


o 

& 

HH 

<1 

fl 

H 

Ph 

O 

Pk 


« CQ 
P ^ 

a 

k 

H 


H 

o 

£ 

H 

o 

co 

W 

!> 

P$ 

H 

Pk 

Ph 

h 

W 

CO 


CQ I 

8 i 

(fl r-H 

£ PH 

£ S 

S3 

o m 
o o 

• »-H p < 

qp 

*■■6 
(fl 

&H 


c3 

P-h 

02 

fl 


a> 


rH • r-n 

S 02 

^ i 

c3 A 

^ <D 

+h n, 
O ^ 

<D c3 


pH 

a 

<fl 

X! 

02 


<02 

pH 

o 

o 
fl -fl 

fl 

CQ ?h 

r-H Q) 

r hcs 
te: 


CO CQ I 

t: a g 

PH • r-H »H 

fl bfi 
o, m 02 

*-H ^ 

fl rj fl 

? O 

r ) • r-H 

° u qP 

*3 08 H 

£> § . 
•Th «+h 
■4-3 HH ^ 

a q 

fl -to 

fl 

cr 1 t3 -2 

—. *o ^ 

--l 3 *tO 

c3 c3 

a 2 -g 

CQ +D ^0 
_rj ^ ^ 

5 CP 3 


£ 


q3 

CO 


<D 

q 

o 

-+-> 

co 

O 


o 

Ph 


8 q 

• r-H • -“« 
r—( P-H 

?-h c3 

fl 

q to 

'S .a 

Jh M 

° q 


<D 
-H 
C3 

q 
o 
q2 

s-> 

cj T3 

«*s 

a 

3 G 

• •—* • r-H 

o 

o ^3 
a 
02 


CQ 
CD 

fl 

CQ 

"fl A 
W 0) 

a q 

c3 O 

—H • rH 

02 -43 
O O 
Ph fl 

a° 

g- 

° HH 

m 

m 

3 fl 

bJD O 

W -4-3 

fl fl 

q ^ 

^ q 

o £ 


q 


a> T5 
*3 
o3 


q 

-4-3 

I 

^3 

CQ 

<D 

- 4-3 


O 

rH 

o 


cj 

§s 

-♦o 

o 

5S 

co 

•«s> 

"fl 

8 

fl 

qo 

(V) 

fl £ 
8 


o 

rO 

fl 

CJ 


CQ 

fl 

O 


^ rfl 

fl o 

fl ° 
fl ^ 
^ T3 

§ ^ 
ft O 


S ci 
■43 

1 a 

•2 53 
«4-H 

£ 0 

° ^ 
?H 

-t-3 q 

• P—< 

- 43 " s 

O O 

^ fl 

^H ^ 

(D ^ 
T3 ^ 

fl rB 
fl o 


I K W 03 14 

o o> o 

1 w fl hHr O 

gfe . 0 

• r -3 ^ 

5 ^ s 


-■q d s 

fn rt 

mo cc q^ 

• M *a ^'ez: 

•P O . oj O 
^ o o g o 

^ o-s-q^ 

^ C3 

:q Jj 




o 


?CijOo 
- .a o flk -3 


c3 •--H . 

-43 -43 • pH 

• rH pH pH 

rt*H «34 h 

o o-H cj 

o a ^2 

O o 43 

m cq 


CQ 

02 


02 
. 43 


CO 

Tt? 


O 


£2 




5 ? <a 


fl 

cr 

CQ 


o C3 g 


I 

CO 


ffl 


pfl 

° t-4 

S 02 

d 

o Pn.fl 
CQ O O 

r-H O O 

•►fl c3 


fl 02 
O "fl 




rQ*fl c3 

ai-i 1 


02 

‘S 

02 

rG 


"fl 

• rH 
02 
fl 

02 

• pH 

Ph 

O 


C-) 

o 

Ph 

"fl 

>> 

pfl 

fl 

• rH 

CQ 

02 


.A .2 

CJ •—H 

S3 

02 ^ 

iz 

=° 
fl CQ 


CQ 

CQ 

02 

fl 
"fl 
• 02 


5 co © 
to 03 
o v 

> 03 V 
M (1} -P 

A> m o 3 
to q « 
W P=H W 


q 

O 

1 —H 

bC 

CQ 

2 

^02 

• <H 

-43 

• r-H • 

- r q 

® c3 

3^ 


O H 
-43 ;> 

• pH 

(H fl • 
fl ^ fl 

^ bC S 


"fl 

fl fl *S r^ 
biJOr^ a 

_ CD „ tzi 


^ ar8 
o 2 W) q J2 

°3 0> 
o-° 


10 

CD 

I 

10 

to 


o 


i^a 

t> fl 


02 m . 
> fl 5 ! N 

a 2-^ 

OT3 “ J ^ 

3 9 Jeff's 


10 

CO 

I 

CO 

11 

w 


00 fl 

«4H 

»-* fl 

fl 

.fl 


CQ 

-43 

,rH CQ 
CQ fl 

02 02 


o 

C2 


fl 

fl 

CQ ^ 

pH H—' 


O 

C2 


s a 


10 


Ph Ph 

02 02 


PhC0"O 

£h fl 
o A 
02 -fl 


a 

O, 

o 

o 


02 

fl 02 rs 

ltT S in 
r£2 *fl ^ O ^ 

fl 

w . H H AJ 

0^5 § 


02 


02 


-CQ^ g 
CQ A £ 

2 

p-hXi 

02 ^ ^ 
V Q 



















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


41 


TJ 

o 

fl 

o 

• I—I 

o 

o 

i § 
?i 

43 n3 


’TJ-4' ® "S3 
© ^ CX <» 

.a s g« 

73 ^ 

5 

G 
fl 


£ 

O 

a 


G 

o 
02 Jfl 

c 


03 fl 

*_rH 

c$ — 


fl 

o 


■cTtf c^t3 s 
« ©^ a S o 
fl 63 .2 


GQ 

fl 


GQ 
$ 
o 

cq +? 

02 o 

fc c 

©C3 w . 

x .t 
p 


02 


~ A 
02 73 
b o 

O tc 

02 ^fl 

--- • i-H 

H £ 


GQ +P> 

• r-H r—( 

O c3 

S-§ 

fl o 
02 

^fl ^ 


CO 

73 

• <s> ^ 

^ s 

•<s> 

02 o 

I s 

CO 

^ co 
fl 


a § 

O ^2 


02 


o a 


g 

a> 

i 

co 

CO 

A 

G 

A> 


GQ 


02 

p _r S 

3 § +p> G cj 

a | fl - S ° ” 

£ feg^-S 

^ or 2 c ^ 

O *"H G fl c3 

S 6 

m 


-g • 

co fl 
02 02 


02 

-fl 


o 

02 

a 

GQ 


02 

f © 
o5 

o 

C2 O 


T 

CO 

TtH 

II 

d 


^ VJ 

>> a 


G 

rt 

0) 




GQ N 
-G 
G 
fl 
fl 
cr 


o > 
o fl 
02 


02 

fl 


to 


w 


a g'Si? 

J"S^S 

& 

m 


DO 

70 <m" 
fl ^ 
02 o 

gDfl 

pv — 

XN 


© ^-s 

as © 
g © * 

®.s g 

£n2 


£ 

c n 


a 

u 


* 

*o 

a 


-a 

o 

fl 


fl ^ u 
A C3 

C2 £^3 
02 

S.^fl 

§^’g 

G fl ^ 

fl W 03 

>> A 

^ >> 
fl 


o • 
xl 73 

02 


O^fl t 
r - §> 


02 

fl 

0) 

+z 


GQ 

G 

o 

—< 

o 

o 


0 

a 

a 


02 


O 

fl 

<v 


02 

G 

O 


02 


02 

pQ 
O 

S.'S 

2 s 




o 

02 

02 

• *—• 

Q 


, n 02 
b£ ^ 

fl 2 

• •—i 
•—H 


o 

o 

02 

G 


O 


G 
02 

TTC 

s ° 

O 

a o 

0 2 

©x-ft 


fcH 

o 
”03 

Q I—I 

o 

GQ O 

h^H.^ Jq| i# ^3 


02 


H ^Ofl 

fl ►> O W2 
rv > .fl *jh 

^ 1 a £ 


fl 

JL, pTj r “ H fl ^ 
O 02 02 3 P 

O fl^3^ 

o s° ^ 


& 


CO 

cA 


!>• 

« OQ -2 

p v < 02 j. p—« 

- 1 S.g § 

co 03 VS > 

11 J £ 

o °- a -3 


to 

CO 

I 

CO 


w 


£ 
o 'o 

^ 2 
o a; 
w a 

a a 

Oh O 

k: u 

^ o3 


-S 

,o -p ^ ~£ 

sJsj|g 


OT3 


02 


© 
•W 
• *^ 

fl 

.2 

a 

o 


CQ 


So 

O ^ C3 w 
§ 02 02 _ 

S_2^ c3 

as 

» bJO 

^ c3 

;g Jh 

^ 71 ^ 

02 oe .Sh 
02 fl *v 

^ 5 s a Jr! 
g go 

a 5? rfl 3 

M ^2 fl p - H 

o 8 1 ^ _. 
s 

73 CJ S 02 

(T) 02 c3 r; 

-4-5 ^ fl Q 

© "I “ ^ © 

W 5 s-z$ 


(J *v 

13^2 
^ o 
rr-Q-o 

P^-i * >— 

<s> ^ o 

8 as 81 

S £-0 
© ’C 
o 


CJ 
* <S> 

02 

s 




*w 

O 

8 


fla 

fl jC 
O O 

o 
fl T3 

flpfl 


bO 02 

-•|3 

*40 -v*. * •—' 

O PQ T3 


1 

^fl 

02 


fl 

k 2 

fl jO 

febo 

u ** 
o 


JM 

02 C2 
02 o3 


5 I 


If 
02 

02 ~r* 

©PQ 3 
±2 ^ 02, 

fl- 


02 

02 

O 

& 

02 


00 G'H ® © 

« z*zZt 

|| 3 53 g > z 

• O — S fl 3 

o c 

< a 


tO 

I 

co 


w 


fl p 

CQ*fl 
02 £ 
c 

C2 

-4—5 0, 

fl fl 

*H C 

° c 
CQ g 


g © g ci 
c feco 
ij'a® t; 

fl o S fl Tj 

CO O.id 
O 73 G X 

HH O 


02 

-*«-* 

u. 

02 

73 

•p^ 

CQ 

































TABLE II .—Continued 


42 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


<D S 0^3 

05 5 *+h 2 

S XT3.J2 
c3 c; be 

O c3 c3 

rs;^ 

R: ^ ^ a) 

*s 

05 

cl 9r 
ft • ft 4-> o 

a « 

K* r—H pH 

*S ^ ft 
a a ga 
~ ° 

_2 a ft 

ft O r* ?h 

0 , 2 ^ <P S 

CD > 

7 o3 o a)^ 
v. ^ cg aj O 


^ bfl ^ 


ft ^ 
^ £ -3 

*£ • s .& bF 

"© S g <33.S 

O ^-ft c3 o* 

ft ^ a a ^ 

o O H a 

^ A *H *H 

o 

QQ w 


w 

O 


03 03 r< 

-H £h ►H 

c3 O CD 

g 

- , ‘ i ‘ H ' + ” > • pH 

o 
0) 

a 

CG 


05 4-> 


O fl 

^H Cj 

Oft 


ft 


o 


a> 

a 

o 


£h * 

o ^ 

I • PH 443 

s § I 

Q) 3 

aft cr 


ft 

4-3 

Ills 


ft 


ft 

O 

4-3 

a 

o 

m 


« & 




Jh 

CD 

ft d 
ft.S 
o o 
a o 

a 


on . 

co to oo 
a *-« *-• 

S CL) O 
bJD ftt^ 

■1 * ofe: 


tO 

a 

o 

pO 

?H 


U 


oo 


O fli 

-4-< , ej 

*2 © ' 32 

4h w S ft 

"rt g j2 CC 2 * 

Sc? £ H 


a 

a> 

ft 

£ 

Sh 

<d 

ft 

ft 

o 

a 

*4-H 

o x 
m ?3 

^ o 
3 J2 

ft 4-> 

bO-p 

ft ft 
*7) CD 

ft 22 




^ rv Cj O 

0,33 03 

^34 +->,2 

. a ft a ^ 

ii^i= 


co 


O 


HH ' 

<L) . <D ^ 

z: <4H .a 4-3 

g rs > ?h 

° r 2 5 2 

ft> aft cr 

?H 


rtT3 g fl 
03 C § o3 

^ a a ft 

F—1 • pH +J 


a 




W 


a 

• pH 

O 


g u 

S 03 

u u 

44) 0) 

a ft 

?H Q. 

° o 
CQ § 


a 

o 

ft 

FH 

a 

O 


■CO LO • 
CO LO 

a *h sh 

o o 0) 
b£ ft^ 

X Ok£ 

ou^ 


0> 


a 

N 

< 


as ><ft 

> 2 “ 
^ O ?H 
ft ft 

o a 

a a *t2 
^ a 03 

5 a o 

na 44> 

r o 3 
i? ® c 

s o'a 

ft 05 tQ 

S h t;^ 

o a 

o 2 ^ 
ft O 

05 <*-h 

2 
• pH 

N 


a ^ 

s^w 


0) 


|pb 

QJ -44 

k & 
^•s a 
a a 

ft ^ o 
a - a 

0) 

6^ 


?H 

o 




= 3.5 

a > *h 

w ^ cL> a 

ft>aft cr 

pH 

d 

s3 T5 g 
<D fl 2 c3 
C3 SrG 


(M 


w 


ft 

■+3 4f 

^ o-C 

rH ^4) f*“ 

a g 

oft 
m 


05 

CG 

o 

N. 


CO^ 
TjH 


ft o 


o 

a 

• pH 

N 


Jh ^ 

0 ) o 
ftft 
ft h 
o r 2 

u° 


^H 

0) 

4-3 

a 


o 

H-H 

*3 

13 

ft 

o 

• PH 

Lp 

a 

^5 



























PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


43 


>> 

x.i • 

a O 

'3*0 

-o ° 

03 ^ 
2 
00 _n 

CO *-02 

b CQ 
^ 03 

®.S 
^ £ 
Q 

:$ > 

r--o 

lO p 

Hi 

r-—} Q 

s _ 

W 03 

^rG 

3 bX 

o> a 

»o • £ 

03 


03 


(N 


a> g 

S3 g ^-Q 

cS-2 >■> g 

Oc-og 

rG 


3® 8” 


G a 

o <3 


a 

x> 

O ar 

OOo 


- 03 
bX-£ 


J3 o3 


i 

a 

o 

I? o 

S 

o 

« 


0> 


I I 

4-5 03 

a a 

O o 
o> w 

rj "G 
£- 03 
03 +5 
03 ^ 

SQ 


a a 


rG 03 73 
+5 <13*2 
*r G ° 
£ a a 

c S.g 

° sc 

• »"H C3 0_> 

4-5 . i-H 

§ g G 

^ °.s 

m a) ; 

CrG ££■ 

CQH.S. 


a 


02 5r! 

03 03 

^ -rt 

H - a a 

03 ^ 

hn a 

OX) ^ 
•4-5 

m 


aog 

Jh 03 

o h 


O 


o 

<N 


d 


T—' 

*g . 

bX csj 

• rH -1 > 

£ 6 
fe a 

§& 

» 03 

G a 

W. 


CO 


i 

T3 
Fh 

a 03 


. a 

C3 *2 

o 


w a 


53 ^ 
03 03 03 
03 
03 


G 

GO 


a 

ft 

o 

o> 


^ a 

03 O 

M*p 

o 53 
• ^ a 


CO^O 


a ^ 

g, o 

bX4-5 

a 

h,r r -\ ^ £>■ 


o 


cZ 

*-« 

a 

N 


03 -P rj 

a73 

a £> 

O *G 73 

OQ 3 -v* *—« 

a +5 03 

rG o a 
•Is-Ssg^ 

£ o^ © 

7 , r-H r—H *n 

O rG 

o c o 2P 
2 O 03-C.S 
a *h 4P> a3 

OG'w JD 

Sf 2 

M "H —" "3-3 


3 3 


o 

3 


hHX!x! 2 


o> 


^ - SP fl 

■£2 rj 1» •'-i 

^‘3 So 

o o 2 >, 
~£ % 
bX 




O 


CO 


d << 


SJ 

■4P> 

03 ^ H 
—« 03 C3 

4-5 3 

2 a 

^a a 

- 4-5 


T*H 


ffi 


03 

03 

O 

4-5 

a 

o 


O 

03 


O, 

ca 

o 

03 


. o .a qq 

^45» 03 

03 03 

a .15 a 
a 

cr o h 


a 


o- 


a 


^ccO' 


2 

a 

■ 

e f ~ 
« n 
a 


^ o 

rH iO 


a 

o 

JO 


a 

03 

bX 


rt X 1 

00 


03 

4-i 

*s 

03 

a 

sc 

a 


03 

a 

1 

a 

j-« 

bX 


a 

2 

03 


03 

• rH 

>. 

4-> 

03 

• rH 

o 

a 

> 

03 

a 

O 


03 

a 

-4P 

a 

a 

b 

o 

H-5 

o> 

a 

?H 

<+H 

03 

03 

4-5 


s 

a 

03 

ft 

bX 


bX^ 5 ^ 

.S g 03 

a ft o 
• a co ?h 
— a 

g g§ 
a ^3 03 
a o 

c 03 a 
a a bx 
^^a a 

a^ S 

03 a 4 
03 1m 
§ 03*^ 

? 03 C 

> 03 a 

^ g g 

o £fS 


o 

JS 

H 

















































TABLE III 

^ Minerals of a Steel-Gray to Black Color. All Have Metallic Lustre 
Copper is an example of a mineral having metallic lustre. Chalk is an example 
of a mineral lacking metallic lustre. 


44 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


o 

a 

a> 

XI 

a 

03 

X 


fH 

O 

73 

o 

a 

o3 

Sh 

O 

co* 

03 

B 

O 

co 

o> 

> 

'3d 

co 

"3 

Sh 

03 

a 


b£ 

£ 

O 


03 

X 

+3 


<v 

>*3 


G 

&Jj<44 
G ° 

S CD 
_ & 
.s-g g 

0 G ’z2 

O Dh 


73 


O ~s£ 
G 

. fctf 

03 d 

a s 


&bD 
d 


G | 
a; O 

G 


X 

*53 co 




g .jS 

a 

O G 
02 03 03 

.G 4 G 


. . tL 
X P : 
G-e £3 0 


cj 


i -P (D ^ ^ ^ 

! HH <G _Q P O 




-b J 

' c?.2« 


CO 


O g*S 


73 


03 


" -4-} ,—4 'JJ ^ 44 44 (V*> 

a s^.s 2—g b-s 
73 k ^^g S3 0 a* 

sn £ i h 

r g -S G g i 3 £ S *3 §, 

‘ 1 CD/^.3 ^ O a ^ 

^ ?h 


O & w 

-w c 

“O- 


3 a 

CO 


tO 

I 

iO 

TJH 


O 


03 G 
•2 §_, 
55 §" 
ii'jj S' 

?H • jH 


O N 

£ S3 


G > . 

03 c3 c3 

£ £ 




m to 

bo 

cj I 
K_, 10 
0 to 
II ^co 
HH G 

HH -t- 3 


55 . CD 

2 2“? 8 g5 

G cO G 0 — 


N 1 

d ®3 1 

G cj 

o* ® 


<u 


G 


G 7; 

^ !h 


O co 
a G 


g s.s 


Jo C 1 

3 D 01 >. 

s^-e-g* 

m 2’gt: 

>> G 


»>- P'ai-a £ 

■=^.0 -?JeS 


S-S 
a) 3 


03 03 

S K 
o.S 

^ CO 


o 

00 

“ G 
Q 
faC 

X 

O 


>> 

73 

03 

C3 

G 

r G 


S-i 

CJ 

a 

o 


03 

G 

bC 

03 


03 

-G 


G 

7 

73 

03 

-G 

03 

■M 

d 

S-I 

03 

«2 


03 

'rl 

O 

03 

-G 


G 

0^ 


-G 

"3 

73 

03 


73 

03 


73 

03 

ti 

03 

Pi 

d 

s- 

03 

73 

o 

a 

73 

G 

c3 

d 

03 

^4 


03 

d 


75 

G 

G 

d 

CJ 


heating it, are distinctive characteristics. 














PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


45 


o 

+-> 

d 

• rH 

73 

03 

t-4 

03 

a 

a 

cj 

dd 

03 

f-H 

P-H 

cj 

o 


op 

d 

O 

F — H 

cj 

03 

03 

3 03 

dj 

. CD 
+f 03 

o ^ 

d 03 


>dd 

K** 


U) 

cj 

J-H 


o 

fcD 

cj 


a 

cj 


-P3 

03 

a 

bJD 

s 

a . 

-+—> 

+=> •— 
03 ^4-, 

dd o 

O +-> 
CL d 
03 

. f-h 

C 


a o 

£> ^ 

03 O 73 
-»p T3 d 
cj ^73 
> 2 73 

^ *H d 
Co +^C3 

n.S * 

q ® 

Cj 


o 

cj 


I ^ 

O d Dd 

■c a.& 

o cj 3 

LU 03 

g'43 

O co 

y cj 


03 

CL 


bO So 


d 

o o 

f-i 

d . 1 ^ 

•-« 03 T? 7? 

«3^ t “ 

^ a b § 

o-DCd.;j 
CQ 5 3 
.2 d o ^ 

Q 


t^~i 


o 


03 


1 -i_D ^ 

cj 


a „ sh 00 c 

£!-* g >> O 

•'-' c5 J.O - 

c ^ C ti£ « 

rt ^ 

o a 


02 - rO 

?h 2 1 

- o £ 

§ o e 
a 

.5 03 g5 

£ a^ 

a £ s 

03 CO £ 


00 

I 

CO 


03 s-* • 

03 03 N 


d3 
,bdj 

*h m 
cj 03 
03 


> % 
cj £j 


d 

O' 

d 

cj 


O fc.a 




»o 

Tji 


w 


•r 1 • 

£*q >5 

S-§2 
O m 


03 


03 

> e 
•-S o 
c3 ^2 


o 

b£ 

cj 

CL 

3 

03 

c3 


O 


03 


^ CP 
03 

-V ° 
oT 


03 > 

O +3 

C3 fH 

03 b£< 
1 L c3 

a 

03 

LL 

Eh 


CO 

3 


-+-> 
• 03 
4-> -rL 

FH 

Cj 
> 
m 

03 03 
03 
03 


Cj 

CJ 

CJ 

o 


CL 

3 

03 


_, w 

•"Orf 

ft^-P 


i If 

p *fO <53 

•--tl-sllS 

° 


o 


ui 


03 

03 


IO 


O 


>> S 
> 


Cj 

03 

U3 


Jm 

Cj 

C5 

cr 

03 


Cj M 

S «s g 

55 


iO 

CD 

I 

10 

ID 

II 

ffl 


Ij i)T5 

’r; lL g 




N 


Cj 


+-> 

03 

03 


. 03 

CJ " 

.y ^ 

9 03 

D- 03 


03 

_ a 

O’ M 

F-D 


03 ^ 

S o 


>> 

03 

• F—^ 

cj 

> 


cj LO 

• 

03 IO 
03 


^ t^. 
<N<* 
^ cj 

D C3 

O “ 

HH ^ 

c 


03 


cu 

c 

bfi 

cO 


^jTj JL CJ b 

CJ <13^3 03 O 

s.a a £0 

^SoM)" 

& ^ 73 3 a . 


03 

cj 


03 


03 


£ Cj 2 

O 03 Cj . 

CL^h 03 QQ rj 

03 ^ 

F—i rR 

H Cj ” 


2 ° 

q ts 


CO 


X jn ^ C 
n 03 
•7 ° 03 
03 


a ^ p§ >>-a 4^ 


03 CJ 
CJ bJO 

O d ^'-p 

'-—• w —h ^ • *-* 


03 

03 9 

- A " 

d TJd.S 


03 ^ 03 

. o n ,H 

■g O^ 


Jh cj 

IS 


a 


o 

8 

s 

o 

'"j 

0.2 

b 

o ^ 


a 

o 

m 


00 

I 

CO 

II 

d 


~G ti 

cj d 

cj O 


cp n 

>“H ^ 
> ^ 


cj a 


03 

? -t—. (-H 

CP I ~ 
rn 03 03 
^ 03 03 


O 5 


d 

c* 

d 

cj 


ai: 

•43 ^ 


iq 

to 


tn 


O -P 

^.s-a 

03 O M 

Tj ClT^ 

F—H ^ 03 

.a ^rd 

o 


.a 


GO 


>0 d 

«-a rr r fl 

H SCO G 

d C bD 

HpC b 

O O 


03 


-d 


d 

03 

03 

J-H 

b£ 

03 

d 

cd 

03 


73 

d 

Cj 

a 

03 

-4^ 

03 

d 

b£ 

cj 


03 

r—H 

fT3 

03 

03 


03 

dd 

H 


^ 03 

• r ~* 

<Z -M 

s 2 

•g d 

sL 

^ OT 

d^ ,p 5 

o a 

cd x 

cj cj 

d ^ 
OT O 
dLL3 

03 dd 
•r-i -4-J 

03 

p* 

'll 

SP 03 


^d d 
o o 

03 73 

id ^3 

03 d 

f-fF • »-H 

dd d 

4-> 
03 d2 
dj O 

H -4P 
0) 

r—H 

a 



























TABLE III .—Continued 


46 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


-g 8 

a® 




_ 3 d 

dft ^ 
O-ft OT 

« tt gf 

o3(2 

O 

7 O <H-1 

i i.s 


o 

m 

& 

ft 


d 


^3.gs 

-ft o 

73 ft Hq © 
^ pH O > m 
O W * tS,rt ’ 

o’^cs gft 
o 2 ® ft'~ 
SHI jg 


43 d . 

cc 2 o3 ft" 

<D ®T3 O 


d go "O u o3 
£ $73CZ3 g d 
O <D GJ ?H 


^ W w 


fac 00 



lO 

ft 


d 


d ^ • d 

gftft §<~ 
ft ^ ft © ._J 

^dC^SHd^ftO 

^.S © g g d ^ 
>>-~ft S- 

rj -< C w d _— ■) CC> 


m 

<£ft 

b©d 


t3 © S 

O 3h 03 C3 35 

7- S-C © 7 


us o5 
' cn 


tq 

»o 

I 

lO 


O iftrfJ 

-»-=> ft ft o 

«'S ts § ft 

.2 d .g '£ 


X d 

fl O ~ GO d 

d © —2 © l|T3 . 

-£ 3 t'- O 7 1 C ft 7< 

C.©ft To C 
3^N g ft § g ^ 

r, -+J D d . . 7 

“ s_ ,rH >5 ft, 


O 

> 


4“ , c © 
S'd'oW 

-© .* 

d ft? ^ 

ta-e.S § = . 

,© ft©?© 

l^f 

j£tll 

°3 gftlS ^ 

© ® ^ o 

§?.s cm 

P3 o d 
ft r „ c»ft 
g S.g m 
§ © > S£ 

^ JZ! p "” H rs rH 


o 


ft bt 
“' £ft rj 

3 8j| 


r o 


« 


cj ft O ft ft ft 
73 ^ Oft go 
Xir m~ ja g ^ 

*H 1 

O 


d o 2 

°£o 


h,. ft O ■ • 
03* g g-Q 

2? g-© 


C/2 ft 


Ol 


d 


S.a^asH 

>^•5 0 


?H 

ft 

■+J 


d 

73 SO 
c3 2 
d H 


a §t c 

fto O 
fl > = 

ft © ^ 
-a rt 


LO 

7^ 


K 


fl 

rt . 
J£ ft d 
^ ^ ft 

ft O 
^-, d O 
^73 7 

^ S« 

ft 


d 


<N 


d 

C3 1 

S)22 ^55 B, 

a © ft £0 

a H o 


d 

c 

ft 

ft 

K 



















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


A o a-d c 
o <u d •-* 

•■g-a-8* g 

5 o P 

s.| * 

.s*c, 

!'§”'! 

GQ 03 

^ x 

>> c3 

r—, fH 

05 O fl} 

o ^ <4-1 

^aRSe- 

Sl^ i’so 

!>• c3 L-, c3 K ^ 



O . r* 
~%-Zj=6> 
|| ? /- - 
_2 -O o 
,0^ *" 
j-, .52 tJs s 
-2 

o g h 

O &£ 


’2 '$ 

II 
2- 
• os' 0 '* 
* g § 


Tt; 

rH 

II 

d 


05 l 

Cl V 


53 n 

Sgs'SI 

.4^-g_§ g, 

C3 

3 CQ C2 

o<2 § 


l« 

<J c3 


4-j 

i *h DO 

! DO 2 • 

I 05 •-< ® 

-a«o 5 S 

! 5 M 

1 S 00 


o 

CO 

0) 

§N 


o3 

»erl 


g 

S 

-2 

"q 

5 

e 

M 

CU 


o .2 03 
CO '53 
,rj «* P >33 

•r^ £ 

£'§§■“§ 

£ e d< £> fab 

s-s § |» 

S 02 d q • 

£ ajjj <j> g 

d"© s 3 ’-d'~-' G 

O S 2 d „ fafi 
co .52 d o3 j- C 

.S'e ” 

-ns 53 £ > a 

O S K ^ 

jh S ® O O 44 

IgSs 0 ^ 

^>3h M s 


O d 

uo 


05 

o 


O 


d ^ 

t, 3'g 

l&i 

-S. d c 
.2 C cr o 
^1 


CM 


w 


73 ^ 

<D <D ^3 

is §J2 d 

>-< 05 n 

<3|&g 

.9 ,d 


00 

73 . 

CO 

.CO 

C co 

3.2 

fl 

g? 

05 

fat 

•S §. 

>> 

k 

O 

d a 
o- 5 


-d 

a, 

rt 

X- 

o 


^sj ►> • o *>» C 35 

2 t b § g .g 

-3*C 23 

.-Q c3 fa£T“.-i. -g 
. > ' -X 05 "C 

O ^13 C3 05 =0 
_2 05 S3 05 -t- 3 ->* 

'o d -2 c 

OQ O e 


£ m 
o o 
d g 
0,2 
'2 ^ 

'2 3 
Jd 

d a 

,rt d 

CO CO 

05 

CO 

^ p 
o > 

.2 ^ 
'd <d 

•4J 

*1 

% 

oT o 

22 

O, 

g . 

fat'd 

o‘§ 

-4-i C3 

0 o 
o 4d 
d ^ 
^ o 

1-2 

II 

-I 

O TJ 

d G 
d 0) 

02 '9 

cS ^ 
O 

fH cx 

^ o 
O “ 

o 4d 

■+J 

<HH ■—I 

O 

2^3 
o o 

W H-X> 

O c3 

^ & 
5-1 CO 

*■ 4 - 

of.9 

d ° 

If 

w 3 

Q2 ^ 

Q C3 

73 

§ 


Delafossite Occurs in black, shiny flakes, like graphite, and, like it, leaves a mark on paper. Soft 

(a rare enough to yield to the thumb-nail. 

ore of Dissolves in nitric acid and the point of the knife immersed in the solution is covered 

Copper) with copper. 




























TABLE III .—Continued 


48 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 



OS® 2 | 2 

w G X! e K* 


I 

O 


O 


rj CD a 

J .2 J.G 

. +3 . £ "5 3 ns 5 '*- 3 

2 sx-g ~ J 


CO S 
09 G 

a^ 


■a 


<N 


G 

09 

ffi 


lx 

>>.2 

XX 

09 

>.x 

Qj 

+X 

G 

09 

lx 

G 

)Tx x* 

G 

U--i 

09 

’> 

G 

cS G 

tx 

G 

r 

O 

> 

G 

ft 1 

09 09 


09 

09 



'jj 


CO 

G3 



J 

II 

w 


• a <» 

02 o ®2 ^ t* 

2 a ^ 09 o <u 

GGo-'^xx'—gsc 

^>>'2-§ s 

w 3 « *0 J2 ^ ^ 

■«a^§ g-s 

TO 09 ^ 


- a» 

E o«s 

c « >, E 09 s 

’•e54 = ^72 o 


11 
ts S 
o.a 


i-< a 
/ 
o 


XX 

ft 


-G 

c 

G 

a 

g 

y. 

<u 

0 

^2 


a ~ 

li 

m Q. 

QJ ^ 
^ QJ 

09 

G3 E-i 


2 s 

a® 

lx . 

r—< -4— 1 

<D 0 ) 

§ a 

bfc 

hC G 

.a £ 

G 

|l 

G ° 

rE o 

£ =3 

a 

G 

G 


T3 S 


3 09 

.Eg 
L 61/0 
'2 ^ 
G.S 


a 

.a 

G 

09 

Sh 

& 


CC "G fl lx 

49 G5 Q O 
> hfi.2 **-< 

o'g G W> 
| *<§£ 
^ G'^ 8 

a ® cc a; 
CO l-H Gx CO 


4 J 
09 
> 

'o ^ 


09 


09 rG 2 09 
vx —, H-p’w'C G 

> § > i &5 & 

l 3 JI&>£ fe 
6 f o 



^ CO § 


<N 

TJ 39^3 

. 

ft 

II 

g a +=» 

G *3 tx 
09^.2 

S3 

•£ 

G 

d 


2 

cr 


iq 

10 


■ 1 

o 09 -G xG 
< 4 -^ -M C . 

C0 G £ 2 t2 


'Gxbd 


a o 

*G 


gjs.ss'S 

!*X O g 

Mi 


TJ -s 

a a -E 

0.2 

ft G G -T 

a § g 8 

“i & 

o o 


09 ^ 

*5 J3 ® 
.a 0 ) tj 

sgj 


Pitchblende and Carnotite are the principal sources of that wonderful element, radium. 

A deposit of pitchblende containing radium in commercial quantity would be a most valuable one. 
Less than a grain of radium to the ton of the ore constitutes a “commercial quantity” of that metal. 
Presence of radium shown by photometric test. See “ Testing for Uranium.” 






















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


49 


+3 

Z3 * 

ri 

ag 
33 

CO 


02 


A 

3 <3 

*0 q 

GO 

d 

.S 

CO ,i_0 
<D 0 

.§§* 

CD g 3 

^ -i 


i! 

3 ^ 2 t3 

03 -5 53 <U 
»rJ3 g 
3^00 
v£i ® 

m c 3 

rH d C3 • 

£ 


CO 

3 


O . 

■+-> O 

cJj K Cj 


O 

a 


fl 

o 


a 


&-* JL- 

n O n 




<d a; a> 
fi ft 
OQ 3 “ 

co ro 
03 


<N 


CO 


a 


i ^ 

3 3 o 


*h 

CD 

’> 

c3 

CD 

K 


^o 

c3 

c3 d 


IO 

I 

*o 

Tfi 


W 


* 3 


SjEj.S 
g^o 

k O 7 
77 ^ o 

3 >>-*5 

! ■ r— *-H 


a5 


* i-H 

CO 


73 <D 
I d^ 

a a** 
• 2.2 s 

S 3 2 

CO ^ <hh 

*2 £.13 

° CO 
^3 <D <D 

c3 ft^cj 
33 co 

^ r -3 **H 

c3 3 

” So 
^ a> a 

"CJ3 ffl 

°o3 

>h r/) 

•S3 »J 2 
-g-r S-Q 
5 ^3 a 
<^3 § 
a 3 * g 

o3 -+3 ^ 

7=5 _0 

^ 2 ^ 
P b£ c3 


^-*—< f i . 

d <£2 
•H O 

<D co 
d o ^ 

^33 co £ 

<o £.-£ s 


£ ~ co £ 

.5 ii .2 o zt^ £ 
" 8 ‘C « E K 

rj H m 7* •-»* 


i 

Id 

0 ) 

CO 

SH 

jo 

O 

O 


CO 


CD 

*H 

^ c" o 

&JT 


<d 


5s £ 


O O 


^ *a 

^ QQ 


Ol 

I 

© 


o 


k! 0> ^ 

4?. 2 §£ 

.2 > ^ £3 3 

c3 ^ >_Q rt 
2 ^ 03 V J> 

j8ioS^ a- 
2 ^ «3 “ 


O 


W 


"73 

CD 

*p 

o 


o3 

CO 


N 


o d 

^ rr* ?3 co 
• • & ^ fr* co 

O . ^4-, ^ o3 
CO^OCC- 


C5 

O 


^3 
o - 

G o 

q3 
t2 c3 


03 

"3 ^ ° 

£. 2 . “ 


" "73 3 
A « -3 
q o tj c8 "2 

CO rt •r - 


Cu — 


T3 

J C 0 

3 © 2 ^ § £- 

« ft j3 S g • 

<zi p o *2 •— .g o 
o £ jg o> a 73 "S 

3 s 5 a |*c ® 

JU O « 

H rt o 


CO 

W) . 

.s >> 

a ^ 

A-5 »i-h 

CO ^ 

c3 CJ 

^ g 
3 

> d 

Co 

r-H _4 

b£i « 

d; 

773 
c ^ 

<u 

o 1 ! 

c3 d 

co pr; 

. c3 

> 

•pH ^ 

73 ?H 
c3 

& 2 
2 H 

c3 


at 

3 <1 

•^H CZ 

73 a 
*d ? - 

*? C 
i ^ 

ft 2 

^ a 
o _ 
AS 

S 5 
73 


i s 

.7; <D 
73 CO 
• m CD 

•23 

S'o 

.2 >, 
a 

cj c3 

F 1 < 

25 ^ 
a o 
-a 

£“ 
^ 73 

.s ^ 
c 

-2 c3 

Ch & 
a; 




























50 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


> 

(—1 

El 

H 


Q 

fa 

<1 

W 

W 

o 

fc 

HH 

fa 

« 

fc 

o 

fa 

P 

n 

fa 

P 

P 

C/2 

fa 

o 

fa 

o 

Q 

O 

o 

£ 

hH 

ft 

a 

w 

HH 


fa 

fa 

H 

m 

P 

E 

fa 

HH 

P 

P 

<1 

H 

fa 


fa 

O 

02 

p 

<< 

fa 

fa 

£ 

!§ 


■> 3 

t? GQ 

1 ° 
fc£ H 
03 O 

fa-fa 

a o 

03 
. N 
*03 

§ s. 

03 


a & 


03 


m 

PS 


03 fail o 

O.S 03 
+3 2; 

03 03 o 

<x> 

E fa fa £ 

§ S o 03 
OS fa^ 

s-< fa Pi O 

WE fafa 


c3 ^ 

ofa C 

o 

® < 1-1 

o 

si 

X 

-S O 
^fa 

Si 

03 

PI fa 

03 

g?» 

8 § 

■4—' P 

m +* 


■fr-of-c-S 

•S | s §3 


§ a 

° o 8 £-° 2 

GO C 


o 


tp 

fa 


O 


to 

fa 

I 

tp 

CO 


w 


03 03 

'd-gT'g 

A c3 c3 g 
c3 fa 03 S 

03 ^ 

fa & K fa 

O £ g* 

rfa •-! ^3 


03 


r-H & 

g.d*f 

fa’ij ® 03 
-H O O 
E 03 03 03 os 

O O 

GO 


«3 «3 


»o 

03 to 

M o 

PS g 

£<8 

GQ 


O 

X 


Q 

b 

es 

-Q 

fa 

cq 

03 

pi 


E 

ex 

03 

PI 


fa 

03 

c 


P2 

O 


03 

Pi 

03 


o 

>> 

E. 

fa 

g 

02 


Hi 

o 

£ 

03 

PI 


"go . 
© 03 

el 

c3 

o 


el 

c3 

fa 

cr 

Q3 


- c5 "ei 

3 >> 

• fan 03 

e 2 a 

03 bD ro 
^ 03.g 
el +3 fa 

° ® fa . 
«r§>§£:2 

03 03 w 03 O 

S S £ cO 

<S fa '£ g ?H 

p O ^-33 

fa ^ E s E 

PI CQ 03 _ fa 

■&| S2 S 

fa.! 3 O o 03 

CCECQ fc&GQ 


go 


“ .2*1^ 
o3 ►/ E pj 3 O-g 
p ^ o iH y 

^ O o.Jj 


o ^ 
O i 


to 

t 

o 


V J" -fH 2'>».—. 

del g h>3 ^2 

O 03 33 C _ fad 
Q fn fa fa ,fa 

» ^ 8 2-3 

^3 ^.5 ^•- 1 
faB fa^-g 

o.2 faE,^ 


w 


co 

(xi t ^ 

10 od 

^ s 

32 

faHH 

GQ 
























PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


51 


£ • 
3 73 

C3 * T* 


o 

O 

o 


■go« 

<U*£* 

a ® 

o £ 
02 5 
4-2 

O 
. 7 

J=J ^ 
c3 fl 

a 2 

« a 

r o 
05 

8.9 

-4-2 

3 73 

o ^ 

~ D 

GO 

CO CO 
03 

S3 a) 
73 4-2 
b*C 

s >> 
fie 

c3 c3 co 

3 0) 

co*^ o3 

> 

> aS 

2 ^ 
o O 
o _, 
73 


c3 

03 

pC 

co 


CO 03 £ 

g s ^ 

.2 03 Sh 

S co a 

£ ® > 


g a> “ 

S.'S 73 

•5 2 g 

2 03 
03 O 

Sh Sh H-H 

o c3 ^ 

*-H *—< O 
<4 bJO 


QO 

*d 

II 

d 


£> c3 

Sh 

bC73 s-T 

3 0 0 


_T 03 

73 pG 

42 


4~> CO 

c3 03 

03 O 
pS *H 

GJ 
o 


a 

a 

o 

o 


o 

03 

o 
* ’—« 
Sh 


S3 

O 

03 

3 


03 


>>° 

*73 03 ,J 

s 


73 ^ .2 
fl 
O 

a 
a 

c3 


co 

a 

Sh 

D 

4-2 


p4 W 

i-3 £_ 

t ,_. _ 


■Sb'g 


Sh 43 a* 

s h 

-P 

Jg a> 2 "§j 

73 03 T 1 

CQC-« ^pO 


S3 fl 

* M O^h 

73^ ° 

2 3 S 

^o .2 

O co 

CO 7 

CO q; 73 

Qt3 o3 


1 

CO 

CO 

c3 

Sh 

PQ 


II O 1 g £ <st 

q -g| ” % °-c » 


-O O +_> CO 

m^h a;' S • s a 'a] M 

o s- as ^ Sr a 

m .3 

73 Ul Jh 

CO 


r ' 

O 

O 


*D 

*d 


O 


N 

4-2 

r . Sh 

03 CD C3 

O — 

£ 03 

H o 


« <* 
03 £ 
cj 


CO 

I 

10 

(M* 


w 


^rH -P 

03 rz 3 * ^ 

a 

a 

O rj 42 

°*3 03 

^ o a 

1 co 


(N oc 
o o 

Cl 1- 

*-< *H 

^ 03 

a a 
P o 


■Bl 

03 • pH 
03 
r^J 

73 

• pH 

r-« 03 

R c3 


p 1 h 

CO -2 

OJ • pH 

a G 

G3 a 

4h •’■h 

CO 

^ a? 

pC o 

a ^ 

r-H CO 

p^ • pH 


0 » 

42 ^ 

— ^ 
73 

CD >0 

73 -S 5 
■ S <s 

C t» 

O 73 

a "a 
a*>, 

^ a 
o 

• pH 

id 2s 

C3 7^ 
pC 


Sh 

03 

a 

a 

o 

O 

Sh 

O 

*4H 

bO 

Oh 

• pH 

4-2 

CO 

03 

H 


03 n; 

o 43 


O <T) 

O ^ 
<jU2 


1 

CO 

CO 

c3 

Sh 

pO 


o 

O 


O 7 ^ 

."l.sj 

^ O 3=1 rO 
r\ SI 03 

— CO ^ 

— - — 1 r * Qj CO 


03 rj 

k. 

r^i Sh 
C3 


O Sh *<g 


H 73 S. 

CJi 


co p^ 
•<S» cj 

^p2 

73 ^ 
S^e 

S-g 

c^-t 2 ? 
Co ^3 


CO 

Tt^ 


o 


S— Sh 
03 03 ^ 

pH 42-H 42 

73 Sh > 

C ' 
c3 


03 

G 

o 


a ^ a 

3 03 3 

cr,jzj cr 

6 §g 

03 ^ 

Sh 
pC 


7 

a i 

7 42 


I 

*o 

CO 


w 


fi 

cj 

pC 


3 

o 

C3 


Sh Sh 

03 03 

a 
a 
o 

C3 


73 

Sh 

Cj 

H 


CD C3 
TfH Tf5 
CO CO Q 

a 

^ 03 

A & « 

3^2 


Sh 03 

O 03 

a co 
O 

uo 


I 

tH CO CL 

03 03 o— 
£*.33 03 03 

&s;l-c 

OOng 









































TABLE IV .—Continued 


52 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


• m 

bfi <d 

£3 c3 

<d Ph 
O . 

H 

• r-H 

A3 

m 


£ 

O 


a § 


m 

lh 

P 

o 

a 


• T—1 

o3 

rt 

a 

3 

A3 

CD 




<0 

o3 ^ 

c3 


>> 

1 

QQ 

c3 

03 


tr ••a 
* H rC O 

Oh +3 

<D cj 

-4—} S-H H-H 

•S bX) W) 
m 


m 

<D 


P 
O 

^ — P 

f2 ^ 03 

^ S ^ 

^ § 'o 


Ph 


03 03 03 

^ j- -P 

•3+3 3 

^ °3 

-+j T3 

£.3 Cl 

bfi d -3 
•r o 

m S b 
S ° 

• ^ -V 

g.S *> 
'« r o o 

o3 

b c o 
goo 

7 'HiJ 

^ o d 

»—H r—H 

| ° O 
(Z} a a} 


lh 

<v 

Ph 

Ph 

o 

O 

p-< 

o 

<H-H 

bfl 

d 

• • i-H 
44> 

.d m 
o 03 

o ~ 


Lh 

4^> 


a> 
o 
pm 


A _; o'cM 

03 Q) /I, H Cj 

S . £ £ §.3« gi 
” g“2 S^ja'Sl 


o 

O 


“O Brh'tt'v 


0+? o3 
OCC K 
bD 


iq 

*o 

I 

Tt< 


a 


■s-°5 a 

£ SS-a g, 

^ £’53 cr~ 
^ ° ° 


co 


ffl 


o 

d Lh 
H O 

__, m ft 

03 g 0,.S 
O O 
cr^ o o 

— Lh 

cj c3 


w 


o 


o 

CO 


oo u 
<m 8 

?. q.q§ o 
o »o 


Lh 

d 

Ld 


Pk o 

3 

m 




0) 

4^ 

*s 

Li 

o 

CQ 


fl of 03 

r-H AL 

rS 03 
rj 03 

hfl ^ % 
g/- c3 d 


■ ^ • i—< w 


{5 


o ^ 
Cj 3 
o 


c3 

a; 


L-h 9 

&fch-3 


fl 

o 


S • 

05 03 S 
O Lh 0) 

d <D X 

Is £ 

fo*. 

3 443 

„2^ # 03 

b 15 ^ 


o 

SLh ^ 

£r£ 

° d 


A 

Ph 


fl 

T 01-4 

£ ^ 
M o 

03 jS 
03 *5 

gsi 

^ . bO 
^ ^ d 

•g a> 

^ c3 g 
JO Onrb 


c^ 


S'O 

I CJ 


r* 

o 

03 

l d3 H 

•s-ss 

-■Sg 

Lh Jh ^ 
O 

r - H 

c 


Lh 

o 


o 


c3 


O ^H -- 


o c3 


QQ'C m 


^ 4H 

w O *S 

<£rP * b£ 

H d 


H 

d 


c3 w — 

59 


03 


O E 


oo 


O 


o 

a 


S3 
443 
Lh ^ 

0) C3 

d 


cr 

d 


"So., 

ojpd cd 
03 


»o 


w 


s ^ ^ 

5 g.-£ . 

'St; *? m >> 

b n? O ^ ’ M 

^ -S s 

CC Lh 


o I 

b2° 

Oh O p 

3^ « 


D 

4-* 

*5 

03 

T3 

X5 

O 




























PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


53 


T3 

G 


i* C3 i 

c3 ° 

§ C^G 

o 


H 

3 

33 5 " 


3 8 

GQ ’<>> 

8 

* e 


co 
0 > 
D co 

3 c3 

Ph 


co 

<^> 

<3 

<^> 


co 

<d • 

CO ^ <D 

|-ill 


2 p , n .-, 

© w'O 


GQ ~ O ® 
P § bJOTd 
!> ss *3 c 
03 

OT3H O 


b£) 

.s 

4-> 

3 

0 ) 

3,2 

( 1 ) ^ 

.fcj o 
43 s 


>> 

o 


?H 

o 

to 

• *»■* 
+-> 

GQ 

D 

H 


o 

<d 

GQ 


3 0 

&b 

Td E S 
^ , "o3 o S 

3 g 

O 43 

'oCQ 

O 


bC 

G 


GQ 


CD 

IO -2 § 

II £*> <3 c3 

• TI'C G 

o <$ s ^ 


CM 


w 


^CJ • rH 

<D o3 +3 • 

8g c 2^ 

?> D 


a * 


T3 3 
5 <d 

32 *H 


CM 

00 

CM 

—H 

3 

33 


>> 

3 

s<5 


a 3 

3 ^ 
in 


+e 


>> o .ti 

2 £J 

w-gi 

J<® 


co * 
<D 

S O 

3 73 

^-H O 

O 

co 

3 3 
0 ) o 
^33 

c'l 

3 ^ 


o 

"3 

O 


?H • rH 

3 •£ 
33 3 


3 £ 

-3.2 

CO 4-> 

33 3 - 

Ui 

!!§■ 

§ 

#rH fH 

feTJ O 
CD a; 

oc.- 

o CO 
CO ?-< D 
■ + - > ' G i 


o o 

G3 o3 
® C3 

^•C 

77 -+-> 

-H * i~t 

3 3 

^3 

3-S 

O 73 

js ® 

3 h> 


CD co 

>.s 

fcD^ 

<D CD 
?h £h 

O O 

CD <D 

333 


d >r 
aj 5>- 

° rn" 

a S qj 


_ „ A „ oOfl) 

GQ O O H "C.^S CQ 


f>» ^ 

2 ^ -rj 1 ^ 

bJO o ^ 3 p* 

^7^4-S.S O § 

O) 3 O M 

S CD -h •- 


^ ^ ^ CD w «J 

SO-H O 

o 


o 

"o 




d 


03 GQ 


N 


2 ^ b 


•§ g.a 

?: 5 s 


2 


3 

3 

cr 


—< ^ 3 
333 3 


0-3 31 

_l_D 




w 


CO 
CD 

53 

CD 

q i4 co 

3 O I 


o . 

-+-> O) 

*73 

3 Jh 

3 O 

cr 3 


co 

CM 


H 

3 
33 


CM 

40 

- t* 

LO g 

cm a 
a 
o 


CO 

£.S 


+2 

3 

O 

o 




?H 

c 

> . 
03 o 
¥ 3 

O 

bO 


i 

^ 2 
3 Cw 
1 - D, *3 

O® o 
CJH 


0 > 


I® I 

'm 0 ^ 

3 31 t3 
3133 q 

^a ^ 
3 

co O O 

«4H o> 
O *-3 
O) 3 

G $-2- 
PGd bJD 


CO 

"3 r 

r—i 

<D 


3 

^ CO 

C3 b-.-G 


>> 

a 

f-t ^ 

bc.2 

CD o 

O 
o 
O 


8 

8 

«>> 


►> 

3 

to 

I ^ 

°o 
3 


P3 

3 

3 


<D jn • 

• O) cD ^ 

h^. p" • 4-^ 

| ^ ^ 

LO 4-? 3 ^ 

x O) 3 
i> ^33 C< 

11 ^ D Q 

rK D g ^ 

0 


io 

oi 


w 


"3 
33 


3 


co 

3 

W 


31 
2 

o 

CO 


O 

D 

CD 

a 

a 

o 

o 



o 

4-d 

•« 

3 

D 

13 

O 











































TABLE IV .—Continued 


54 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


£ .s 

•ri ^3 1:3 o> 

S*s. ^ 

<U ^ P • Oh 

-5 s a §5 

§1 *■*» 
~ £ p o 

^ ® _, g -43 

t si:" $ 

2 o 03 i-'H 

p3 Sh 

Qh q> <3 OT 

^ ^ v o G2 
CQ CH 5q o CO 


>> 

bC £ 
A £ 

0) 

02 02 

+3 fl 
m C 

*h O 
^O GO 

o w 
O 


c3 

>:3 
02 ^ 
S3 02 

/-h Cj 

I £ 

j2 tc 


Tj? 


o 


o 

a 

o 

-4-5 

3 


a5 n 

■4—f -r-t -4-3 

"3 > H 

3 C3 g 

— 0) 3 
ce^ cr 


0^3 cp c 
i ci 
<! c5 C-C 


xn a) 

02 -*-3 

0 (Dr 
S c o 


E 


cj ^ 3 


~P 
OQ 

02 
c3 


O o . 
00 rC 00 CO 
^ Oi 


P 

•$£ 

3 h 

02 


&2 
O HH 

o 


(1) ^ 
■W C/2 

•g s « 

§&■= 
55 6. 


g .Sg 

H £’bC 

_Ei ° X ~ • 

ft ^ » +> 

1 IJ ! 

co r ^ 

CLJ ^ £ C 

3 tb cj -a 

cn p p 

^ § 3 Si *43 

p o to 

«3 bb 2 * 

Us£«j s^r 

p S <D > p~, 5-, 

A W fH P* 02 

^ 0^ O^ 0 
<!^H a c3M 


i 

r O o 

02 W O f 
. CJ fH £ 

- 

e £.2 

S'fee a= 

^ oj o o 
H u 

O 


o 

»— i 

o 


8 U ^ 

_/ 0 3 —j 
02 ^ * 

C ^ CQ 

o; c3 


lO 

I 

1C 


O 


CS3 


^ ^ ” 
& V 2 

-L3 •«—i !IT 

>?s =■ 

T< o fl 

ci 




, I 

O C2 *-£h k! 
^ -j-3 O ^ 

ao’S'^ 

•2 S.C +£^g 

k^ 1 ^ O o ^3 


^ iO 

3^5 

rS g 
#■§ 


0) 

03 ^ 

-® a 
o »£r 

O 3 

cn 


° 2 -a- 

O T! . 


rn^ JD 

‘^3^0 

02 +3 

*r _ ^ 
?^e 

O X I 

■4-3 .|U ^ 


?3 a a 
02 

JlT ^ 

^ ^ ^ -s 


c3 <^ 


02 


o 

■+■3 


o 


o 4 O) 


T3 


^ a 


o 

02 
c3 

e & 
J-2 


3 

o 

Sh 

b£ 


b£* 

C r 

cj 

Q,, 

02 p 


%-i 

O 

02 

O 

p^ 

03 


c3 « 


O & 

.2^ 

fl.2 


iO - 


02 ^ 

Tj p^J 

o 
a 


c3 ^ 
02 
o 02 

tfi 02 


^ ?h CO 
. r-H T; O 

^ O 02 

- a 


® I § 

h3 0-+^ 


pCj 

^ c3 


•4-3 

0) 

£ 

So 

c3 


02 

pC 


S £ 


02 
02 
o3 02 

?H 
pO 
?H 

o 


CO 


i> M 

S3 03 

9 2^ 


_, 02 N 

|A C «pH -4-3 

O e3 > g 

IQ -+3 02 ^ 

M & 

b a a 

O cj -» 
2 
> pC 
^ *£ -f3 

- 4-3 


o 


iq 

CO 

I 

CO 


*o ^ 

CO § 


c3 


C ^ ccj ^ 

02 02 pC 
4H Tl ^ 


W 


& 

G. 

O 

02 


o 

»o 

CO 


TtH 


si 

ao 

3 2 

GO ^ 


02 

-4-j 

'C 

02 





































PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


'+-< . • 

O =c ^ 

. ss O 

fe 

^ O 
° fl 

JTS* 

^ c3 

d3 
O' 


03 O 
Si O +j 
O 

0^3 

■sll 

4-1 3 » 

5tl 3 _ f-i ^ _, 
O ^ O . ~ g 

.£ & ^ g b/D m 
M>3 >33_ J - 

b/0<a © >>gt3 

q .&g §’S > - 


2 "H O 
b£) § 2^3 
o3 ^ & S 

O.33 .33 

- 43 

•■S d ¥ 


oo 


CO CO 

5U.3 .a oT g 
4:3 g.-S fl 0^2 £ fl 

O43 § ^E -1 >1 p, S 


Color dark red. 
(One ore is 
black.) 
Streak is red, 
regardless of 
color of ore. 

Color iron- 
black. 
Streak is 
iron-black. 

G. = 5.7 

Two and 
a quarter 
times heavier 
than quartz. 

G. = 6.27 

Nearly two 
and a half 
times heavier 
than quartz. 

H. = 2-2.5 

Easily 
scratched 
by a 

copper coin. 

H. = 2-2.5 

Softer than 
copper coin. 

Sulphur 17.7, 
Antimony 

OO K J 

Silver 59.8. 

Sulphur 16.2, 
Antimony 
15.3, 

Silver 68.5. 

Ruby 

Silver 

Black 

Silver 


© 


o 

S 

03 

-gT- £ 

2°o & 

J§ -2 

>3 CO 68 

«j.a a 

C3 

2fl 33 

^Ojq 

CO '-'+s 


bbS 

33 -£ 

tf' 0 

03- 

^ tT 
sd 03 

o > 

o'& 

'g n 
o o 

H **" 

33 bD 

-a s 
343 
3 g 
SEh M 
2- a 

03 03 Q. 

03 o 
r*Ul o 


o 03 
O g 

0 i 
00 


S’** 

jfg 8 

03 £ 

03 02 

-fj 

m 


o 

<N 

O 


O 


®«+H 2 

^3 g 
sh* 


3 

cr 

33 

ro 

pd 


3 

ei 

II 

w 


,g 

+9 S o 
3 w o 
O g fH 
pQ S 03 

0Q CX 
O 
03 


t- -<N 

IO • i“H 
33 ^ 03 

-a 03 a 
a > a 
■73 dd o 


43 

*c 

43 

>» 

43 

2 

© 

■_ 

02 






















TABLE IV .—Continued 


56 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


• r -1 
. £ 

“§ 

• pH Cj 

-4—> • rH 

«J 2 
Of 3 

fl 

c o 

O u 

OJ 

0:5 

"fl go 

o 

rfl 3 i 

Ch^o fl 

3.2 'o 

ffi Mffl 


o 

fl 


0 ) 


p-9 A 

fl JJ 

O p^ 
^H cj 

-r* ^ 

pH 

O -w 

Q 


o 

o 

o 


r- 


O 


s A CQ 
fl . 0) 


S3 


a'S.gfl 

b 0^3 O fl 

o > d _0 ^ 


<N 


w 


^rfl 

fl 

"O ? 

c; n 

fl a 

<D 


00 r • 
rH 

fl 

ci! 

p-H . f-H 

5” 


0 > 

H—> 

2 


05 

◄ 


• £ o 

jfl >y» 

C; A fl 

^ bbS 

H 1 O fl 
• fl id 

J a | 

fl O fl 

0^3 

*H fl „ 
O -4H 


O fl 


_ CD 


&. 0 ) - 

pflr ?h 

SO fl 

fl 


3 

A 

p^> 

S 

CO 

o 

8 

co 

<£ 

•<s> 

05 

O 

ho 

*<^ 

A 

fl 

CU s* 

fl T3 
&, Q> 


02 

•g 

F o 
(S . o3 

'rt 

p^ fl M 

g 3g 
6 » 


(M 

rJH 


O 


£h ^ • 

fl <D N 

^•H 4J 
rfl J> ?H 

fl fl 


■g .8 

fl VI 
a> 


CD 


fl s 


fl 

fl 

cr 

fl 

fl 


0’43^ 


w 


s 

> 

a; 

> 


o - 
c0 $>o 

fl *H ^ 

fl 

S£ 2 


CD 

HH 
• PH 

bD 

u< 

CD 

fl 

fl 

u 

a> 

H-* 

cc 


• <D *>> 

"fl HH f-M 
rJ *H rH 

cQpfl O 
^ k fl 


JH ° fl 

rS to & 
'TZ 
° 2 

GQ 

2 o5 

.2 o 

>>a 2 
- 0 ) - 
bfinfl 

•S^H 
■4H fl 
fl fl 

rfl 


i 

pH HH r-» 
rH * rH • pH 

Jg 

3 

fl 

Tb 


r —h • r-H • »—^ 

3 ^2 3 

r!3fl C3 

PH -* 

fl 

"fl 


o ^ 


fl 


o 

Sh 

<4H 


?H 

?H O 

-H H flL( 

^ rfl fl 

O a f> 


fl 

fl o 

fl H 

33-5 

^'S 

^-o 2 

02 -C 

c2 -4J 
_ O fe£ 0 

S CO C+" 

flr? O O 
p^fln fld co 


■H 

fl 


fl 

m 

'fl 

r—H 

<X) 

• rH ' 

>5 
PV 5h 

C 

# S*S3 
3 a; 

si 


L 00 5 1 ^ s 
2 2 
.§3 S3 g 
%* § 2 0 3 

og 2 03 02 

3 O’OS 

5S> £ 

bfi 


o 

O 


o 


O 


ro a) 
fl fl 

<D 

.2 > 2 

> 03 3 




« 


0 


fl 


o 
TO fl 


_1 pH 

fl <d 
^3 rfl fl, 

A ^ Ph 

5 o 


(N >^ 

<N 

5h O ^ 

-|l 5 ! 
1-3 s 


a> 


bi) 

Lh 

fl 


Brongniardite, polyargyrite, and freieslebenifce are other ores of silver containing sulphur 
and antimony. They yield silver on being fused with soda—the sulphur and anti¬ 
mony having been first roasted off 































Garlic Odor. Arsenical Fumes. Metallic Lustre 

Only such minerals as yield on heating, or by friction, a garlic odor are included 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


57 


03 d 

§ * 

c3 go 

ph 

c3 __ 

CD 03 
Oh ^ 
Ph <D 

o 

O £ 
CD H 
Ph GO 

s ^ 

03 o 
fP P3 

r c3 

.« "S 

7 § 

03 fP 
si 

co s 

P ^ 


o 

• rH 

44 

CD 


a 


03 


go Ph 

3 £ 


£ £ 

03 03 

tH-H 4-H 
Co C3 


CD 

Ph 

+3 


fP 

co 

*Ph 

fP 

fP 

o 

p 

Ph 

-P 

co 

bJD 


03 

fP 

P 

O 

Ph 

O 

23 

o 

<D 

M 

"7 

.o 

Th 

c3 


03 


co bX) 

.2 c3 

- = 2 

0-2 0 




2 
X 

_ o 
£ p 
o 68 

g .2 

^ o 
6 

73 "c3 'o 

J 'S 0) 


c3 

4-3 

<D 

S 

M (D 
bC T? 
.P 3 
*co o 
co d 
<D .p 
co 

CO 03 

O Ph 
Ph « 
_ _, fP 

03 c3 

a s 

o3 .£ 

*« a 


S fP 

> Fp 

‘5b 5 

23 £ 
p ^ 

a ^ 
03 .a 

J'S 

co 23 

«•§ 

g-s 

m 

1 * 

^ 1 

>3 'O 

c3 t> 
a 03 
® co 

4-3 * rH 

§ s 
a 'g 

bfl ° 
c 8 O 

Ph JP 

^ T! 

___ o3 

P ? 

a 03 

IT 

CD 

. a 
03 a 
a ,§ 

a 03 

03 fP 

£ .-g 

4* {> 


03 

fP 

44 

j a 

1 _>> 
03 "£ 
fP o 

44 

’S 

'S a 

44 03 

03 P 
bC O 
03 

> 03 

P 44 

03 

*2 .a 

S) 23 
. ° 
p ■+ J 
K co 
g 03 
2 o 
P >H 

03 

£ 2 
5 1 


03 T 


CD 

fP 

44 


c3 


& O 

a m 

c3 

03 


fP co 
^ Ph 

O J 

«2 P 

03 ^ 

P 03 

.a Fp 

-H-3 co 


CO 

«H-H 

O Ph 

s| 

23 O 
o co 

a £ 

Fp 44 

•a g 5 

o 2 

23 03 
© '£ 
.2 co 

n a 

c3 

o S 


03 03 

03 CO 

Fp b S 

-^f§23 
Ph O bp 

o o .2 

ill 

43 bC 

F^Jf &c 

g o-p 

5 03 Cj 

03 ^ 03 
44. 

fl U)g 

03 f. O 

a ^ 23 
bbg g 
g a.p 
*£3 w b 
^ d o 

111 


Oo 
f2 a 

^3 bD 

23 

03 Id* 

a § 


ci „ V m 
PhSP g 

a s» 

<5PW»H 


03 C» 

5 © 
■°S 

.2 23 
a 03 

03 & 
3CH 

. 

' M'S 

a A 

p p 

« J 


03 F-b^ CQ 

I #H 

c 2 r - a; 

•3®.2 

OPf^'u 4-1 5f 

r 9 ^ g'S ° |.a 

02 «2 


03 

o 


d 


O 23 o eo 

pi.PV % 
■^fP e8 g 

S-sSS 

^ §.§d 


lO 

cc 


p.a 

I s 
% s 

cc ft 

g « 

^ c3 


«.2 

> c 

P 03 
c« co 

55 ◄ 









TABLE V .—Continued 


58 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


Gh pG 

.9 3 * * 

-4-3 — 0) 

G 73 

O <D ^ Gh 
45 to 3 ® 

53^ t*_, 

*H gO 

o £ g ft 

g S 

G ~ CO 7T« 

fcfi £ 0.0 

03 O £ >> 
TJ 3 r 

~ ®*~,g 

* •“* rG r—J Jsj 

Eh c 3 to 


Sd*S b.C 

• _-» • • P-*< 

^ £ 

c3 cj pO 

> G 


H 

G 

73 


-G 

^■“g 

oO * 

o 


m 




O 


o 23 n 

O -G +3 

^ 5 H 
-s 03 g 

cr 

T! jg c 

c3 £ c3 
o £.p 

£•3^ 


m -Q ^ 

00 ^.a-oS,. 
11 

• c3 G _g 3 3 

CQ & 08 

CO 


2_, 

o o 
c > 

& cq 

< c 

G 


O 


G 

K 


73 

• H 

o 

G 

o 

• »-H 
*H 

w)-a 
g fl 

• »-H 

G o 

<D +3 

pG p£ 

s- s 

-rt CO 

og 

•So 

^ ” 
03 • *—* 

OQ 


*-< ^3 

o 5 

Oh j-. 

a o 
o > 

o O 
o 

* 0.2 

.§■§ 
—- 'rj 

-4-3 -4-3 

co a 

73 O 
o QQ 

pG 0) 

. 2-0 
pG -4-> 

a.9 


Jh 

O 

> 


. • pH 

cj73 ® 
00 O -H 

73 

G a £ 


O o 

4 s 

p« 0 o3 • 
JL co ?h 

§•“■3 

^ cj O 


O 


o £ 


U 


GQ 


O 

<M 

co 


O S 


H-t o 

. o N 

G -G +3 

J’g-g § 1 

Jh P ^ GO 

2^ c3 | § 

S^G 

• pH ^3 


tq 

2 

(M 


73 O 

^ O 

G cj u 
o . 

^ >>& 

a 

a a 


K CQ O 






. r—i 

^ o 


73 

• 

o3 o 


ft ^ G 
v .^ S3 o 
bL o G co 
Ok.OpG^ 
^5 o ft c3 


CO 


O 

*55 

& 

pO 

o 

Ph 


S 2 

J ft 

^ a G 

_< g ° 
G g.&J 
o u 

G 2^ 

o * S 
^ 03 


g .: 


o 


GS 

fl £ a 


^G VO ^ 
00 cj 

CO O 5 
2 > ° 
t? o3^ 
H m O 


V 


k O 0^3 
I -p O.QQ 

- g § § 

*h a co 
O GQ ^ 
O 

O 


iq 

co 


O 


O ?H • 

<0 <x> N 
G ^ 

c3 G 
<D 

CO 


pG 


G 

cr 


I 

x-B'S 


03 g 
QJ g 


to 

I 

to 

t 6 

II 

w 


2 

pG fH . -4^ 

i ~i p^H k * pH 

■4— } »o r /~, 

/-s * ^ 4-3 ^ ^2 

o *> o; -p <d 
^ o bo 
02 OO So 


0 ) 

• pH 

t* 


C O’ g 

P^73 o 
co 


. 7^ lO 
o^^3 rj 

•g g-S o 

-az 


o 


G 

£ 

GO 
























Cobaltite Arsenic 45.2, H. — 5.5 G. — 6-6.3 Color silver- Garlic odor on being tapped 

bulphurl95, white with with hammer. The thorough- 

Cobalt 35.3. Yields to Nearly three a tinge of red. ly roasted ore fused with three 

the knife- times heavier Streak blackish, times its bulk of borax gives a 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


59 


a? 

ft 

<u 

D 


D 

3 

■a 


o 

ft 




fi , >—i rH 

OT3 M'S 
m 


c3' 


— _ <» 

a 

02 o* 


O >> 

'a fairs § 

o fi3=! $ 53 

g "3 oj q, 

K-Sll 
gSS I 

o D 


fl 
o 

(L> 

§ s 

Pd 


,, »-^H w r—' ON 

Id ftdOi-SS 8 


iS'gSjl 

! t 

O D D rS 


CO 

I 

r-. 

*o 


d 


_ M 4 

o3-+f <d 3 
^ c3 O § 

^ ad 
•3^ 


CO 

I 

ID 

*D 


w 


S£ 

1 0,215 2 

js^-a § « 

g^o>l 


-CD - 

^05 th 
oT 1 ^ 

H 3 W 

O 43 C3 
D 1 -” 1 

m 


a> 

d 

’a, 

Cft 


OJ ®3 
Dd-I 3 

ran £ 

<S fafi 
5 h q 5 fl 
. to *43 
M® 3 M 
0 .P" °3 

I’g o 8 • 
§ -e fl * rs 

^ las 8 

g 2 ^ 03 S 

c3 d — 1 oq 73 

OE-i.2 g § 


5ss 

'S. 

<3 


a a 

O • D 

r&.S 

■s§ 

8 91- 

S a)- 

si 03 j. 
& 

<D d 

gig 


CD 

- 4-3 

dis 

pis 

O 


CO 

O 


o 


S3 
$ 5,2 


I 

CD 

II 

w 


-ll 

a-d a g cr 
r % >* 


-CD 
00 ID 

.2 a 
i.i 
ji 


D OJ 

.73 S 

u. h 

0 C3 

a »-> 

CO d 
























TABLE V .—Continued 


60 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


• Id o « 

ft 

G — £ O 

a'—'m o 

S-oa I ^ 
S 


d i -ja -2 

g £ ^g >3 
2.2 03 o ^3 
o £ 73 9*13 ” 

■d d ca © © 

O G §Jt| 2d 
© G — 


3d ° 


tLfil 


© G 


S-al 


73 3 .2 o 5 

2 . 1 - 23 < 

>hQT 


o ** 


-3 © 

t?d.d 

c! Sd 

,2 - 

o 

p 


lO 

r9 


O 


© 

Ijg d 

£|§ 

S 3 £ Si 

© 

£ 


lO 

op 

00 


d 

© L, 

— s 

g ft _a 

© ft. 3 

go O O 
© © 


d 

£ 


o3 


CO t> 
GO t— i 
(M 1> 

.2 © 

c a 

g o 

<3° 


-■c 

>» 

© 

g 

© 

Q 


.MS 

ca ® d 

8 8 S 

© > g © d 

“'So © 

£- 

9h d ®s 

o 3 o' © ^ .^r 

p U Jh ~ o 
O o 3 O’d^ 
<*H«M o 

T5 § T3 S;3 

J ® b £ 5 -S 
^ - o o - a 


dd 


73 5 s 


3 

fH ^ 0 £ £ © 

►>, o © o © i 

ft 5 Sh d ^73 -S 

3 ^T! .$ s 

M ® Cj o to 
•c rt & 0 d g 3 

pq o C3H g ft 


o 

o3 

o 

*C 

-<J 

3 

.3 

bC 

.3 

3 

s° 


G . 

o<3 



*0 

1> 

I 


o d 
h a o 
o G s-, 
•r 1 o3 "-i 
>■ to 
5? rt O 


". ||| 


O 


^ '"3 

-~d 


»o 

2 


o © 

-d ^ >> 
go c ci d 

3^o3 
.2 2^© 
>h3 * 


tfS 

^ o 


.2 w 


d 

3 ^ 

"o +=> 
=3,2 
O o be 

’5 > d 

■g® o 

cl§ 

g>s § 

Ills 

lit* 


o3 

G XO 

© o3 

S ® 

cj_fc © O 

ccOffld 


© 


oj' 


111 ii 


si 


iS 


^ 2 S w e 

GO 43 GO M ^ ' 
tnCQ 

o o g 

G 


O 

O 


fn 

^ © N 

— .— 

d o3 > ^ 

II ©•« °“ 

2 © fl 

° l|| 


-(j 

»o .3 + 
•® 8.1 
n ii 

« I s 


^2j§ 
.2 G’aS 

Gd m 
© ft o 
m d*. 2 

<gg= 


>>S 

o 

~ o .2 s « 

d G © 

© 

G 

© d 

w 02 


.2 =3 

550 


o ©.2 

9 T 3 -2 

t c 2 

« 3 




















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


61 


> 


W 

tf 

H 

m 

P 

•PI 

o 

►H 

P 

P 

<1 

EH 

W 


O 

£ 


Ph W 
hP 2 
PQ P 
<J ft 

H p 

o 

»—i 

ft 

w 

in 

n 

<1 


« 

o 

Q 

O 

o 

HH 

►4 

« 

<1 

o 


4-> 

CD 

a 

c3 


d 

o 

ft! 

c3 

S*H 

c3 

D 

a 

a 

Sh 

O 

o 

CD 

&. 

GO 

c3 

D 

rl 


O 

c3 

m 

c3 

m 

*03 

0) 

.a 'g 
a " 

c3 

O Ph 

p 

02 P 

. <D 
>i Pi 

P £ 
O . 

8 | 

3 O 
"o ° 

.a ? 
S) 

^ 03 

-d 

.2 "a 

P3 *£L 

H ^ 

T3 

0 

c3 


CD 

►> 


D 

GQ 

jft 

O 


4-P 

O) 


W) 

o 

• P-4 

P3 

o 

c3 

m 


g £ 

CU 43 
P M 
P P 


P 

o 


a 

o 

O 


m 

P, 

bJO 


N 

ft 

(ft 

O 


o 


S 


CD 

a 


o 

CD 

d 

o 

ft 


m 


O 

o 

o 

m 


a 

D 

ft ftH 
<ft O 

O 

^ Tj ft 
•tp D 

ft m >7 

g D £ 

& £ > 
_, O q 
O 

0 <ft 
o3 D 
ft 

_r cj 


o 


G> a 

Cft 

o 

D 


{ft 

D 
GQ 

ft 

ft 

ft-4 

o 

GO 
D 

■ a 

r-~- 

ft 

9 ftn 


« ft a 

ft 02 <J 

•CQ 

O £ 

92 

o3 


s 

PJ 

^ e ^ 

ft b D3 

tij rP ^ 

pft *C> 
ft <3 

tft M 
° O £ 

8 % § 
.& s s 

GiS 


o 

w) # ja 

S £ 


02 

o 

HP> 

ft 

X 

ft 


D 


ft 
O 

Th 
D 
# tS3 

’ft 

O SP 

ft-. ^ 

£r -4-h 

ft o D 
£0 

>v=j 5 

r—H ^ 

CD 

+P +P O 

^ 3 O 
aOp 


i 

£ 

c3 • 

J3 g 

co O 


P £§ 

"c3 'o 
>» 


f. --1 H t 

0-2 '*~ l 


o 

O 


CO 


tq 

co 


O 


© N 

r C_‘> t, 

P ^ oi 
c3-P © P 
^P3 cr 

Q*> 

ft ^ g ft 
O 03 ft ft 


<M 

I 

to 


W 


ft 


Tj 

O D cd ^ 
n ^ ft ft 

p ^^-9 
p abS 


o 


2 

ft 


CD t-H 

CO co 
ft *z2 

ft jp 
02^ 


ft 

0> 

£ 

Cl< 

3-4 

o 


02 

o 

£ 


ft 

W 


o 

a 

ft 

o 

ft 


i ^3 

03 ft 


O 


ft fH 
U 

^ ^ft 
° ft ^ 

O O CQ 

*^ft ^ ft 

^ ^ p- 
ft^C ft 

Oaffi 


bfi 

ft 

• f-H 

ft 

D 

^3 


"ft 

0) 

S3 . 

• r* 0} 

b 02 

O Q 

o, S 

ft ^ 
> 02 


>> £ 
• f—, x 


"ft 

02 


>> § 

4-> H 

02 • H 02 

(X) .jh 02 ft c3 

ft " 

5 ^ ft ^ b 


ft ft cr 1 . , ?h 
> }3 c - 

S g-3 & 


ft 

02 

a 

i-H 

02 

D 


. 02 
So 

o 


U1 


O 


02 

OD 


*o 

CO 


o 


* 

q; S3 
• ft -4-^ 
73 __ > 

c3-S © P 

©^^ ^ 
P ^ © P 

o^a J 

•*-H 


(M 

I 

to 


w 


©x? a 

d'E *■ 

ft ft > 

O gp 


CD r—I 

(M N* 

^ 02 
»-4 • f-H 

ft co 
73 f~* 

in ^ 


t-i 

ft 

bj) 

02 

« 






















TABLE VI .—Continued 


62 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


Garlic odor on heating. 

No sulphur f umes. 

Thoroughly roasted and mixed 
with twice its bulk of borax, 
then fused at a bright red heat, 
it yields a pellet of metallic 
copper. 

Garlic odor on heating. 

Yields copper when treated like 
tyrolite. 

See “Testing for Bismuth.” 

Garlic odor on heating. 

Burns with a bluish-green flame. 

Throws off a shower of sparks 

at the moment of fusion. The 

fused mass, mixed with twice its 

bulk of soda and heated to red¬ 

ness, yields a globule of metallic 
copper. 

Color green. 
One variety 
sky-blue. 
Streak a 
little paler 
than rest of 
specimen. 

Color sea-green. 
Streak a lighter 
shade. 

Color olive- 
green. 

One variety 
liver-brown, 
wood-brown. 
Streak same 
color as the 
specimen. 

G. = 3 

Heavier 
than quartz, 
but very 
little heavier. 

G. = 3.7 

More than 
one and 
a third 
times heavier 
than quartz. 

G. = 3.5-4 

One and 
three-quar¬ 
ter times 
heavier than 
quartz. 

H. = 1 

Very soft. 

Easily 
marked by 
finger-nail. 

H. = 2-3 

Scratched 
by a copper 
coin. 

H.= 3 

Equal to 
copper coin 
in hardness. 

Copper 40, 
Arsenic 19, 
Oxygen 20, 
Water 20. 

Copper 35, 
Oxygen 22, 
Bismuth 11, 
Arsenic 20, 
Water 11. 

Copper 45, 
Arsenic 26, 
Oxygen 25, 
Water 3. 

V u 

+-» a* s 

© 

O 

a a-c 


5 

© CLi'i 

X 

© 


g 

> 

5 


Other arsenates of copper are: 

Euchroite, light green; liroconite, sky-blue; chalcophyllite, in thin plates, like mica, color grass- 
green. There are also other arsenates of copper, but are not important ores. They all yield an odor 
of garlic when heated. After roasting, a button of copper is obtained on fusion with soda. 




















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


t)3 


m 

© 

s 

a 

u 

ft 

-ft 

Ph 

3 

to 

73 

d 

ft 

Jh 

O 

73 

O 


'S 


CZ 2 ^ 

o3 

>-t 63 
ft . 
ft? bfi 

ft3 « d 
bC Jh •3 

§•3 I 

S” 8 

^J.S g 

U) © *© 
ft 73 © 
fe e? 03 

ft 
© 


ft 

o 


O ft tn 
ft 03 

d ^g'd I 

O t—i ft oq 


> , 

ft . © >,.2 £ . 

-2 fc’g gft* g £ 
“ o S b£) ft ° 

Si 33 ** I © 03 33 

3 2 2"© 8> 

o (§-2^ £ 

O 72 0* 


ro _r ^ -t-a 
-u ^ 3ft © 

1—1 © P 33 

.1^ & 

ft ""-ft 
•43 © -^ 

s >>.2 - 

© 73 > 73 
-d'S,^ © 

0X3-+^ xn 

%u* 

^■s 

o ..a x 

© J3 S E 

- 

> © -© 
O ft^o.2 


03X3 O 
u -m 

'ft'S 

s.f-8 

73 -e 

73 © 03 
•5 d 03 

ft£^ 

m 

.g’S'S 

.■§ a § 

fl N - 

etc 

o3 
ft 


© ^ 


p—1 ©»-( 

9 o 


3 


43 © 

Q3^ 


tkg 

ftsi jft 

"t 

© 

ft ft 

oft © 

© 

03 “ 

43 
73 03 
© © 

SW 

■g 

aj 

GO S 

s . 
■§§3 

© 'ft 0 
f-i 33 © 


© _ 

•+J ftft fn , 

«3.2 © 

•S'ft .^3 
"o 73 © ft 03 ^ 
'ft 00 

^ TXJ ft £ ~ 

O,© © O © 

'o £ -2PM 
XJ w 


03 

2 


O 


© 

bJJ . 

fto~- 

5rt © 


O J 43 _© 

^ "ft *> b 

•^33 03 2 


^ ft 


03 12 

<D 3 


ft-os © a 

I9.ll 

-♦-3 


10 

03 

<N 


o 


§ 

© -ft 

1-3 ^ N +J N 

4^ 4-^> S_J * 

33 *-. b ft *9 
© 2 ft 


N 


CO 


j> gO* N 


iq 

16 


a 


•+-3 ©3 

.S J-p >> 

o 8 ftx3^ 
Cu j 2 O o ^ 

• a pin 3 o 

i^-g s ® 
sz* - 


70 


IO 


a 


jft ft 

'j—, ft 
73 1 

*J 5 -§ 

H ft 


W ft ^ 


r -1 

iO 2 »o 

rJH 7 1 CO 
© ft —I 
•rl ft © 

ft-ft 
© Cft© 
03 ftft.ft 


© ft 4J 
•ft ©73 

i »2 

E fco 

<300 


>» 


^ cSj.'gis 


© © 
M ft 


„ © 
ft © 


§ rt-2 

w —* 03 


S3>i&|S 

zo § 10 2 5 s 

§ — 1 w.m.5 


33 ft 

|J 

UCQ 


Cobalt bloom usually occurs in thin sheets, like mica. The plates will bend in one direction only. 


























64 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


> 

H 

PQ 

<1 

H 


o 

hH 

H 

H 

w 

£ 

o 

H 

g 

hH 

« 

O 

P 

w 

o 

o 

cg 

H 

§ 

P 

PR 

O 

£ 

HH 

Q 

P 

W 

hH 

H 

« 

H 

co 

P 

►P 

o 

I—I 

p 

p 

H 

H 

W 

PH 

I 

fc 

o 

£ 


fl 

a; 

P5 

> 


T3 

C 

o3 

5-T 

O 

'a 

© 

©5 

8 

e 

© 

CO 

rO 

g 

©> 

.8 

to 

-+H> 


>» 

Pi 

T3 

O 

N 

*3 

bJD 

O 

o 

a> 

i-, 

<D 

Pi 


© 
r^o 

© 
© 

_ £ 

•r* © 

fe 

^ ©> 

W OQ 
o3 -+3 
bfl —' 

§£ 

° £ 
P3 *43 

o S 

P 

cr 


Yields 
a red 

’S 

© 

£ 

r© 

• o 

bD 

n 

'© 

lad 

J2 

d 

H3 . 

o 

Ph 

© 

on 

he 

*1 

4-3 


a? - 


.a § 

« c3 
© 

hH 


rP Si 

9 

O j> 

§ © 

© -+-> 

a 

02 


m © 

*1^ 
g a 

©3 • 

■O 03 


02 HH> 

3 0 2 

2 <3 

pH bCrd 

•a cd 


- >> . 

si 

©>P3 

Ms 

^-p 

Color gr 
green, b 
Doks like 
treak shi 

S § 

■§ fc 
> 

© rd 


-d «a 

4^ » t | 

. 

o 

ci Pd 

JL ■** 3 

02 

rS 0 

*o o 

S3 

’H ^ 

ii -3 a 

a-s 

© 43 

” bfi 

H. 

Yiel 

thu 

O 

PhC 

its . 


<N io 

§ © © cD 

•g a © > 

d § o'” 

o 233 

QJ I>* 

S3 Si 

*c g 
o j> 

gS 

OP5 © g 


© 

33 So 

3 

^ p 

C c3 
s- Im 

x> 

£ 

© © 

Mu 

K 


Idobromite Contains Color yellow. Yields chlorine fumes, also fumes of iodide and bromine, 

iodide, on being heated. On the R. S. gives a globule of silver at a red heat. 

bromine, 
chlorine, 
and silver. 















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


65 


rs _ 

tn 5 
o3 s* 

® b 


_ p 
.£ g 
k & 

W ^ 
.Q 
0‘~ 
m bp 

g.a 

|-s 

.- 3 35 
c_i 

2" 
"aS a> 


^ • r| ^ cq 

r X CO 

-+3 

CQ 


iq 

O 


O 


Sg-fSt! 

£-3 8 3 

^0343 cr 

cs^j «g a 
« fl 2 oS 
'Z fl8 S^3 

r^t «fH -iJ 


<M 

I 


w 


111 

|£J 


i© iO 

rH 00 

.§& 

Mi 

02 


a> 


a> 

£ £a 
•§K J2 
u*| 
















TABLE VIII 

Metallic Lustre. Silver-White or Lead-Gray Color 

Minerals That Are Wholly Volatile on Heating 


66 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


g *T 

v> “tO 

c3 


4-2 

co 

3 


i 


g ~ 

O SO 

• Tj “to 
-4— > *<S> 

<3 

d 


4-s 

^ 3 
ho rr 

CO ,_Q 
oo 

D 

so 4-> 

“to • *-h 

* <o H 
^ £ 


<D> 

<s> 


I 

£ 
cd S2 
X 

<L> CO 

^ 53 
D <^> 

s ^ 
2 $ 

G o 

<D 


CO “to 

00 S> 

a s 

co 

CD 'o 
Xi 

+-=> D 
- 73 
G> c3 

,-Q -3 

03 CQ 

^ d 

CD 3 
33 
+=> 


<3 

co 


O 00 

(D ^ 
3h ^ 
o CO 
a 3 
CO cl 

00 ” 


-M 0) 

4^> *H 

* 3 4 ^ 

£ co 

l 3 

e s 

o G3 

o -+-=> 

Eh £ 


<D 

J-i 

<3 


G § co 

a .4 ^ 


C3 -s 


o 

4^ 

0) 


. CD 

S-s 

43 3 
3 3 


(D 

X 

3 

O 


3 

bJD 

3 

co 

i 


3 
3 

5^ 3 

a^ 

e 

•s 

° 3 

co O 

§ 

a 

^ g 

i^o D 

Q0 Cj 

“to 

3 

f-O -1 G 

G< M 
S G 

• r-H 

s S 

^■O C4-H 
r-“0 

# s? 

S ^ 

^ r3 d 

CO 4-> 

• rH 

• t +~l r^H 

o > 
e •" 

5- « o 
Cft .g 

I • fH p—■ 

^ GP -p 

e is 

D 3 

r~| ^ 

^ ^ ^ 


3 


O 


CO 


O 

3 


%>? 

SS 

3 © 

el 

■SO 

*C 

Ox-s 


4^ 

3 

© 


® *h 

g O-J 

.estj 43 
S) O 0) 

.g 

“sa 

pigs 


O 


3 

HO 

. 6 03 
O go 
g.E3 

<D C ?-< 

4J 03 o 

a 

4h 3 

o > 


3 

D 

ffi 


1 

.a 


<D 


GO 


<D 


.a • _ il r'o 

HO D -40 Q *J5 

S d 

03 ^ 

O ^0Q 


O 


•<4 


3 ^ 

4"* * 

s.s 

C/2 HO 


o ^ o 

L> • 3 JL* Cj ^3 

^ r^Tl C! D N3 

3‘3 ^ 

CD M 


H-5 '"3 

^ HO 


o 


a 03 

S'G 


O ^ 


ch a -G 

C3 


D . 

« > 
3 
CD 


<D 3 


3 

cr 


10 

CO 


w 


o ^ 
^3 CD 


3 


ho t3 

a ^ - 

, 3 


3 ^ 

3 o 


a 

3h 

o 

CD 


©.2 
► 3 
43 D 

3 CO 


"3 +3 

c3^ 

sli 

i«l 

J -sr 

; 1 < 3 
»scC • ^ 

CO o a 

D U S 

| g i 

rD .rH 
GfH HO 

5)3 
0^3 
w . ^ 


U 

O 

CD 

3 

> 


D 

'g 3 
D <D 

Qh33 

S © 

0 3 

o 2 

D 


5C 


co fl 

co ~ 
m cT3 

3 1 -> 

Puts 


cu 

£ 


.a 

+3 


0) & 
O Bb 


S-S 

o IB 
o ^ 


C =3 ® 
ro-G^ 5 G O 

^ 5 ^ > 
II £ H=» « 

. ^ ^ y <d 

°III- C 




9 .a 

0^3 o 

CO 73 HO CO 

11 * rH ^H rH 

II p3 d CD 

• A 1 (A 0-4 

g Gh 

a o 

-G o 


»o >> 
co c 

° a • 

■a a ‘g 

g G 
<1 


© 


3 

O 

£ 

© 

















PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


67 


GO go 

o <v 

2 § 
So 

ft. t 


X u 

73 | 
0) <S 

■4—* r* 

m-S 
■S s 

o o 
42*0 

S3 a; 
o+3 

° * 


a> 

co 

s3 2 

^43 

^ • p-^ 

GO 

fl a) 

••"• Fh 

to o 
o a 


a> 


• »-^ . 
43 a> 

£4g.t3 

• 55 -id 

Ed Pb- 

mQQ a 

O m • m 

*» 

o 

Q 


io 


^ Q o3 ro 


,jcs d +=> sj 


iO ^ 

o 2 

II £ 


£3 M 

s 

o 
£ 


-4-> 
Fh 

0) C3 

2 


c3 


o 




> 

c3 

0) 

to 


IT) ito 
to O r, 

co to a> 

CO <d ^to 

„ CQ o o 
II ,—« o o 




cd 


>> 

« g 

•- § 

◄ 


^73 i>> 
to G G 


fl 

c3 

o 

c3 


a> 


c3 O 
~£ 
<8 -£ 
s § 

>—^ i», ■ 

O 


- f-H CO 

£ 3^ 
6-£ 2 
<Cj9«,S 

© 2 ° 
43®© 

to’d 
e o-r 

•i-H {£ 

GO 5P <D 

8-9 | 
, 3.6 J 

P^H b£)^Z5 


£ 

O 

c3 

4-3 

c3 

*a3 

-M 

ft 


o 

a 

to 

o 

j! GO 

H o . 

2 GO 4^> 

ft CO C3 
<3 <s a> 

> Ph to 


<3 O 

6b S 

J- ^ • 
'to co Fh 

<3 ^ O 
O to ^ 
4< g3 O 

K £ ° 
O £ 

r otc 

O 


*0 

to 


d 


tsq 


73 6 © 43 

S "£ -g 

i '1 4) S 

O C> ^ «r^ 2 

c o ^ > 2 

o fH © c3 O 

^43 +-> © 

^ 43 




w 


73 42 
D 0} d 

42 % §._«• 

£3 ^ 43 £ 
d S3 

^ £ >> 

• ^ ,-L2 


<N 


00 
<M 

s 

to 
ft 

3<J 

GO 


00 




<D 

*5 

to 

GO 


"32 > 

o 2 ° 
to to o 

to^ a> 
£1*42 

5 f—I 
>> ^33 

I'w 60 
^ S 
60° g- 

•£ to ^ 
gg to to 


c3 

■4^> 

02 


a<c 


O 

s 


a 


>> 

GO to o 

« oto 
§3 53 




C5 


02 

>i 

c3 


^ hnto to 


bC 

go *9 

a> to 
fe >-. c3 


o ^ 

0) 
<D 


c3 


tV ^ 

? ^43 

« £ 
S £^-2 

r—H (D • p-H 

o ?h to 
O ^£ 


o 

<D 

.3^3 

■4-3 OJ) 

£3 

• rH 

c3 


00 

O 

I 

o 




a s 


- C3 ^ _id 

^43 42 d 
-.42 

f-^-H 

o 


o O o 

,rH fH 64-, 


IO 

oi 

l 


w 


fl 

to 


fH 

0) 

+-> 

<+H 

o 

m 


u 

a> 

ft rj 
ft.S 
c o 

<D o 
c3 


to 

W -w 

•- g 

3l 


Its great weight, its slight tinge of red, and the ready fusion distinguish it from the metals it 






























TABLE VIII .—Continued 


68 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


5 -'i a 

*-« 

c3 3 

. co 

Sp d) 

o> g tsa o 
CO H 

3 ^ 


in 


£ 


o 


u H 

rS O 
rv s-< 

* g\2 

t£ 

^.S 
cj c; to 


T3 

a; 

a 

a3 


s at 

£ S'* 

2 8 8 

„ £ OQ 

. 

gfl d 

g jz 3 43 oo 
co 

g+f ®1> 

d $h 


o> 

bo 

c3 


a> 


£ -<s> 


a3 

* o> 


, ~ -4—> 

i a o -p 

“s-Si 3 ? 

rH ?H 

o 3 ,g 

O 02 CO -4^ 


o 

*h *H 


o 

U 


^ *4-H <D ^ 
W r—H • r-i -4-^ 

pS £ > ~ 

^ ^ a> g, 
3 <343 cr 

J-g $ § 

3S.g| 


iO 

Tj 


a 

r—i 

cu 

a <v 

oi 

l 

o> 

c3 

o 

o 

3 c3 

(N 

o 

>> 

Jh 

S <x> 

II 

g 

£> 

O) 

a 

O +3 

H. 

o 

02 


a 

o 

a 

c 

co c3 


® s o *5 g-o 
*5 *5 w i^-S es O 

^ 3td-« is b£ 


be 

l?i^ 


55 S« 


C _* 
0*0 
o> 


4JJ 

o3 +-> 
Id d 

s ,a 

a - ) 

Sk o 
QQ -rH 

0> 

^ >> 

■+r g 

>1 

CO ^Q 

O c3 

• r-S 

U d 
d a> 
a 

d) 


bD £ 

c b 

• pH *^3 

§2 
c o 
^ bO 

•S'3 

<D 

73 ^ 

44 • »—1 
£ ?H 

03 r3 
b§ 

o 

a) a» 
a ^ 

* s 

a; C 
r§ g 

“J 

2 8 
o , 

^ § 

• r S 
^ 0) 


j3 co 

• *—» 

3 d 

.—< o5 

O) 

Ph 0) 

L N 


o> 

£ 

o 


+3 a> 
aj >> 

P-iZ 








PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


69 


H 

Ph 

H 

co 

xi 5 


w 

PQ 

<! 

H 


o 

i—i 

i-j 

<1 

H 

H 

S 

£ 

o 

£ 


ss 

•<s> 

£ 

o 


e 

■—j 

o 

S* 

■—> 

■so 

A 


o 

<3 

• oO 

*< 

§ 

co 

r^> 

CS 

5*. 

SD 

ss 

•ea 


a 8 

PHP 


- ^ a^ 

W W 
P i —h P ^ 

. q^ 

^ o 

^2 P a> 4-> 

73 3 <D 

& 

Op P 

t; 03 o 

P Jh ^3 ° 

“^.-asc 

c3 p, f£ O 

GG H r/) GO 

73 S S ^ • 
£2 a 52 o3 

: H ^ ? w o 

offlPHr^ 


fP 

o 


GG 

o 

o 

• rH 

f GG 

O 

4~> 

P 

• f-H 

X 

P 

£ 

0) 

rS 


*h 

o 

-P 

4-> 

a 

bo 

O 

4-? 


73 


gg 

4-> 

oii 


CG 


O 
O 

o g « 

S ^ ^ o 
£ >>cn p 

O P 

O 00 



GG 



CD 

csj 

3.5 

73 S 

4 — 1 

H H 

q; P 

•r P 

II 

»•§ 

§ O’ 

G. 

C'S 

2 p 
fP p 

r*j 


p 


<M 

I 

a) 

4— ^ 

.a 

iO 

'P P 

o 


o 

CD 

rH 

m 3 

t^A 

II 

, 7 P 
oPJ 

(V 

Ph 

• 

p ^ 

Ph 

K 

HH 

O 

CD 

^ • 



a> t-h 
co co 



P 



P P 



Ph & 
PP 5° 



P J3 


: 


p 

a> 

s 

a, 


>> 

P 

£ 

P 

CG 

p 

fH 

P 

ffl 


o 

o 

a 

73 

0) 

J-h 

P 


4-=» 

2 

JQ 

•N 

44> 

• f-H 

> 

P 

h 

bfl 

73 

P 

P 

GG . 
SP (l) 

S a 

73 P 
jh q3 
P^ 
rj <D 

.S3 

4- > P 

§hs 
P-- 
a ^ 

>J 

° CD 

<D *h 

4 a 

hH <D 


C3 rH 

o o 

CM l> 

p. 

fP a 
fL <D 

r-H (/} 

3 J3 

ax! 


o 


P 

JsZ) 

13 

o 

M 


GG 

• r—1 

CD 

O 

a> 

P3 

H 


GG 

Ph 

O 

rP 

CG 

<D 

Ph 

44> 


<D 

O 

c3 

«4H 

FH 

P 

CO 

p 

O 

73 

p 

p 

O 

«H-H 

CD 

& 

o 

4—> 


CD o 


P 

CP 

<D 

P 


P 

P3 

4H 


CG 

P 

5H 

P 

(D« 


>> 


0) 


la 

<D ^ 
m 1r 4-> 

^ O • rH 

P PfP 

P.22 

§= 

s a 

O <D 

°3 

(D 

fP 


H 

O 

73 

O 

0) 

r .r-| 

4—’ 
CG 

3 

13 

fP 

o 

• r-1 

fP 

o 

Ph 

P 

> 


.fl 


GG 


H 03 
O 4-^ 

m hh 


O 

bD 

•S.g 

GG DP 

P P 
Ph bJO 


CO 

II 

d 


»o 


K 


°o<n' 
;-2 ^ 
fl 

CD 


o 


bX) 

X 




CD 


O 

P 

O 

GO 



























TABLE IX .—Continued 


70 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


<t> 

XS 

o 

3 

p a 

^5 a) 

Qh S3 


m 


P 

O 

a 

> 03 

►,-s 


m 
03 

a 

3 4-> - 

-3 

^03 


r^i 

c3 

H 

bC ^ 

i M 

73 3 
3 CD 
<D P 

r-H 4- 
P^ 

o 

O 


P 

o 

—H 

o 

o 

03 

a 

§ 

03 


T}J 

CD 


o 


p J 

oo> N 
£ rd > p 

3 

^ <u G 
X? d,G cr 

g'G « d 
0 ) G S G 
03 S 43 

F—\ • <-H 




w 


^2 fl 
3 >>S 

pM 

-4-3 


o rrj 

t-H GO 

p X 
3 ^ 
X3 g 

3 1 s 

3.s 


o 

4—* 

[5 

2 

4-* 

3 

a 

CT3 

•*■» 

« 


-p> 

3 

p 
O 
73 

o 

g+n 

3 rH 


r3 r-*^> 

« £ 

* ° 

^ fe 

e 

O 03 

o 

c3 co ■“ 

•gjs.§3 

4-3 Cj 

s s .•S 

^•g fela a 

s §a§' & ^ 

s^-s-s. 


03 

CD 


§ H a 
3 > o P £ 
Ph 3 ^0 ph *5 


L - P 

p co d o> 


£> 

<D • P 
, ^ **o 

^ Oco 
3 3 a 
A K^S 

P ^ 0*> 

p2*3.§ 

O CD g 
0^1 
^2 


I 

<N 

II 

d 


3 


S3 
4-> 

P H 


P 3 


,r1Tl Cl ti) C3 O Q 

+3 fl.a-g S,‘>.h 


03 

P 

o 


** c 
fliJ § 


QrH ^ H M C3 

I «■= «Kg 


,3 

4-3 


<M 


w 


03 

3 eJ 
o> > 

GG ^ 


pH 

3 

33 

0> 

Eh 


00 


3h 

4 3 O 

a^ 

2 


PQ 


CD 

4-* 

1 

>> 

*o 

cZ 

(h 

4-^ 

03 

H 


3 

O 

3 

3 

03 


03 

*H 

3 

a 

3 

03 

03 


3 

O 

> 

>> 


^ . 4J 

bc.B 

® C ft 

2'p a 

03 3 9 

r-* 03 J? 


s g 

bC £ 


o 

3 


03 


b£) ^ . . 

•C g'g^’ti 

■?-° ‘■•S £■§ 

033 -pt; 

o T 3 P o 

o| 2 « 

PQ 


a> 


O 


fl 
c3 

^£3 "5 2 u 
o s,; 

^ ^ o 


G 

© 


^_j W 


:< > G^ 

c3 c5 r4 


iq 

C^i 

(N 


"3 

03 

a 

4-^ 

c3 


K 


03 

a . 

A 3 
0*3 
o 03 

w o 

K**> 


oo 

CO 

r-H 

Pi 

3 




G cl 

O u : 
P CD 

9 00 


3 

CG 


p 

cO 

X? 

cO 

3 

3 
































PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


71 


A d 

^ • r-H 

•«>s 

% °^ 
O c3 

a. qq o 

C* O r-i 

> % V 

®eu g 

•fH ?h 

^3 o 

-I s 

g ° « 

8 03 
e s 

S | 
o > 


CQ 

2 

Id 


<D 


0 > 


_g ^ 

■M QQ ^ 
* 

*H T3 ^ 

O 8) oj 


O 

O 


tf g 

QQ 


iO 

id 


O 


r< O _g 
hf »»-H -4-3 

2 > d 
rd <3 g 

-i^ 03 d 
0) i-d ^ 
d 03 
*§.2 | 
£:5 


CO 

IO 

oi 

II 

w 


T3 

O 

P 

o 

+-> 


c3 8 


n o 

& g 
CQ & 

o 


fl 

o 

b£ 


t>> 

G 

O 

a 

fl 


CO 

00 


C '—~\ 

T3 ^ 

o 3 

ro k? 

3 P 
o 

H 

2 P 

rC C3 

Cft <D 

® > 

•§1 

c3 

o C3 

§ 03 . 

<g o a 

2 pH 3 

£ d ® 

■e s ft 

£ ° £ 
a> d3 

m rj 

§ i 


03 

£ 

Fh 

3 


«p 


I 

H 

3 m 

^ g 
s o'5 

cq^=! 03 

* 2 g 
O^o 


£ 03 

.2 6 


d O 
«3 ao 


O 

O 


m 


03 

d 

ft d 

l?£ 

SS5 

o 


o 

o 

a 


o 


a 


tS3 

U g 

O ^3 

P CT 
W> rt 

P c3 
P 


iO 

oi 

i 

iO 


w 


;>> d 
-d*g 


03 


rd^J 

U) <D %.i 

c3p 0) 
H ^ ft 


c3 

a 


a 

o 

o 


o 

i 

•»N 

# g 

> s 

■w 

.£; 

c 

-w cx 
03 — 

o 

13 

^ 53 
! ^ GC 

► 
































TABLE X 

The following have a metallic lustre. Will flatten out under the hammer without 
crumbling. 


72 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


: a 

CD • pH 

° 


I 

CO 

• H 

73 


o d 

pTj QJ 

^ t a 
^ a 

^ o3 'g 

5&S 
*Jjo 
■fa 

>V^ 

Cj g 

- c> . 

<D pT3 73 ^ 
t- 4-3 <D cS 

*H CD +5 
7J oj-y cj 
,rH . 
-e 2 ^ >> 
2 o 


co 

co 

CO 

o 

5h 

O 

<D 

?H 

o 

2 

45 


45 

cj 

CD 

pC 

<D 

*H 

cj 


i 

O 

T5r£ 

o ^ 

cj ^ • 

o 2 

•c 

+3 tC bXj 

C 5 <u 

b£ & > 

£ o o 

rl £ 8 


73 

CD 

>s *h 
I 5 


hS3Sm^ 

£ S9*l 
a® 

^ 5 ^2 GO 

a j 1. 


45 

-CJ CD *2 
.8 * 
fl 

l D n 

-H r—H Cj 

^ ^ 

_, 7 

§ 'S3 

o >> 

s § 


a 


co 


a? fl 
>• 

"3 = 

co O 


o 




CD 

3 

O 


'-r—i 

O o 


*H p—, 
Cj CO >--< 

Sir a; ^ 

73 >> 

73 


*H ^ 

°p7 


cj 


O 

U 


co o 

bn 


to 

ci 


O 


. 2 2^ . 
^ 33 nO 


<- 

cj 

<D 

#5 


o esq 

pH 45 

C cj 5 


q ^pO cj CD flj 

.2 > 

C cj 

fS o 

^p7 


OJ 

a> ^=5 

s ^ 
I © 

CO 


y » pin 

r 2 co 
C/J CJ 


a 

C3 cj 
2^ 


CO 

I 

to 

c4 

II 

H 


.sj« 

a 


fl _ 

7 cj 

O ‘ 


45 


*H £ 

o ^ 

CO 


0) 

a 


a 


v 

9 > 

4«* 

cj 


O 

a 


75 

cr 


o 

+5 

i—1 

7l 

Cj 

*H 

So 


CO 

7! 

pH 

<d 

> 

?H 

s 


CO 

a 

1 pH 

o 

CO 


<d 


co 

o 

o 

PH 

4-5 

cj 

p—H 

CO 

?“H 

O 

CO 

<D 

4-5 

C8 

^o 

b£) 

• pH 

CO 

a> 

t> 

cj 

Jh 

4-5 

CO 

a 

• pH 

OJ 

> 

S3 

"fi 

Cj 

3 

cr 


S „ o~3 

g- s “s § 

rr4 03 ^ P-H ^ 

§b.I oS ® ,5 
£ « g 

CD 


73 

o 

CJ 

• pH 

pjQ 


(D 


CD 


eS S ■ a> 

n o 4 JrC( 

CO q; 4-5 

2 ill 5 

& -g §■ 
c f< 5 

c|^ gJ 

8 I § 3 ” 

^h ^ CD 33 *^3 

r-a 

® 03 c 
^ ® o fj 

&3.s 

g Oh-u to ’o • 

^^ M'O 

a> 03 ~ ^ 

4-5 Ch r 3 J 

•£ 

M -^^3 : 

® 


CO 


PS 

bJD 

C 

•pH 

H 

cj 

& -Q 
a i 

73 

—H 

o 


co 

• pH 

£h 

pO 

N0> 

73 

O) 

73 

• pH 

CO 


73 

a 

Cj 

a 

cj 

(D 

PH 


73 

a 

75 

O 

* . . H— 

• CO 
>s co 

s ^ fl 

3! 2^ 
£2 fl 
3 O ^3 
.22 *-^3 o 

• pH 

s a o 

o gi2 


^3 
o 

• pH 

£S 

• pH 

-45 

7J 

<D 

a 

<D 

p < 

CD 

o> ^ 
2 

§ ° 

Pu ^ 

7h ^ 4^ Jp 

o g cj 73 <a> >^V 

^ 45. rH 33 I 

C2 co 2 Cj ezT 33 

U Tj ” ^T.-S gj 

aT S § 

53 s° 

— (PS, pH 

CO *“H PS . 

CD rj S C _ 

T3 « « O O sj 
‘3 73 O rj.rj 

3 >>»3 ° a 

u ><+* 53 g f 

® c n2.2^S 7 

^.Sf Cj 45 0)7 ; 

tf 3 ^ > -2 f 

OpH j >H o r C c 

■a a ag 5.-0 o 
g a ^ s -a 8 °< 

1.S-9 §-2i^-i 

83 $f § i 

45 ^ r-H ^ r\5 3 O 

•p-a.a ^ §7 c 

£-|h g . bc-2 s 

c d d, < 

SBsS!*.Sg* 


a 

^ 33 

?3*C 

75 


73 

71 

cj 


M 

<D 

<HH 

• pH 

Jh 

75 

cj 

p73 

fcC 

33 

O 

pH 

p73 

4-5 

bn 

.a 

£ 

o 

07 

co 

a 

cj 

<D 

PH 

45 

CO 


73 

71 

cj 

co 


t: 


d 


CD 

S 3 

£-> 45 

^'43 




T3 

a 

a 


- - C3 

° a £ m o 

c’s ^ a a 

.a a^o ^ a 












PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


ft 

© 

o 

Jjj 

’a, 

© 

a 

a, 

o 

© 


0) 

© 

0) 

a 

a . . 

,© ft +3 

'o a © 

-t-s a3 
c3 a © 

ftH a 
g i © 
ft,>ft 

‘§’E8 ? 
o 8 g 

5 Ha 

•ao» 

QJ 03 

-Q O 


© 


3 

*3 a 5 
ft g — 

.g-gjg* 
02 ft “ 

72 ” 

S.a£ 


a oo _i d 

I 03 $ © 

as ■+* 

l^o 
o© a^ 
■2 £ * a 
*< ft 


'g a 

© <u 

•S ■*“ 

■g 

3^ ft 

O p, 

a & o 

o 


© ^ 

> © 
'ft > 
a] ft 


ft JL. 

© _2 
.-a o 

02 m 

%s 

ft 

•S.3 

1*8 
03 o 

ft r^H 

*o ft 

2 a 
•2 o 
E.g 

^ -PH 

'So 

5.13 

ft- 5 
ft ft 

.gii 

02-2 

>a 

i? d 

02 g 

s §• 


ft 

© 

3 

o3 


a 

o 

a 

a 

a 

.ft 

s 43> 


ft 
© 
u 
© 

> 

O 
© 

02 

© , . 

a ©•> 

§3 £ 
8 go 

© ° 
ft ft © 

a 

03 83 

8^ft 
vi a & 
Oft « 
feftQ 


© 

r- 


© 02 

ft 3ft ri 
g a^ s 

^ • i-M CD m H 

S’S-S a 8.g 

© ' 


c_. © 

o © 


O 02 

o 


«J ’ftT Oh 

g§" 


02 

GO 

II 

d 


© © 
! Its 

a “ft 
Gfl° 

^ a 

ft 


W 


ft .3 
© o 

ft 03© 

13 ^ 02 

3^ I 

© ft 
GO O 
© 


*• a .a 

3ft :3 

§ ft 3 
© 

a 

o 

-3 
3 

ft 
,o 

*Sb 
a 
o 


a o 

a 02 

ft 02 

© ft 

ft.© 
02 ^ 
ftcd 

§§ 
72 W 

a ft 

© 02 
+=> +3 

13 a 

03 02 


ti 

Sffi O 


8 8 
g j> 

ft 


8 


© 

a3 • 
a g M 
ta a a 


ft o 

ft a 

a £9 

ft .© c3ft ^a 
s_o- © a oft 

' 02 r-H ft 

M O 72 


•3§> 

U & 


+3 © 

02 


s& 

So 

5 ZU 


d 


a "*■■* © a 
5 8-2 §■ 

ft ^ a 


to 

«M 

oi 


*]!£. 

!!§■•! 
[V] S o 
W © >> 

72 J2 


02 • 
<n£ 

1—I »* 

a *■< 
ft g 

I® 


© 


.a a 

d'S 

b M 

aft 

>.ft 
a ^ 

O (h 

a ° 

03 

f-i a 
§1 . 
a aft 

a*s 
a 8 «* 

,5 a 
©^.a 

*5 -u © 
o > 
vt a ft 
© * o 

ft __ 02 

a te»ft 

02^ 

a g 

© . a 

+3 

-u co <—; 

a © ft 


© 

r3 *>> a ^ 

a a c3 a fab 

fth,® 03 a 

bC 

o S 2'0'S 


tO 


O 


a 

a 

fcH © 

bc-^ 

a a 

Q2 

ft 


ft to 

-3^ 

b/D 02 

I ^ 
4 g> 

§)'§ 


\o 


w 


o • ^ .a 

2S.f^l S 

^raH.a © u 

ft ft © © 

>-i o3 © a< a a 
©ft 3 & 
^ ^ go 8 


rio 































TABLE X —Continued 


74 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


2 

A 

3 

. co 
^ * • ■ 
So 

Ejja 

O »- l h 
^ ^ ® 
O ^ * P “ 1 
•pT3 <D 

£ fi .£ 
•M 3 p 

az & 

a 

00 -+2 
0 » 00 S 

> fl £ 

0-2 ® 
a? -4-j 

.22 c$ 


<D 

co 


Q Ph Ph 


o 
o > 
o 


o 
o ^ 

o 2 

fcdO 


0Q ^ ® g 

o*_3^ 0:5 -5 

-*3 l- O 


c3 ^ 52 
o o 52 

'p O cfi 

GO « 


CO 


o 


^ 03^3 
■-5 „£0 ci 

03 bCQ3^3 

CT£ S'* 


I 

10 

II 

W 


a) $ 
co 5 ^ 

r—. O 

03 

Fh 

o 

CO 


g 

# 2 

*3 

15 


CO 

© 

CO . 

co hA 

grs 

s a 

~ <3 
o 

gp.S 

Jj.-g 

a ® 
S a> 
a> ^ 

* rH 

C3 *-r-< 


l> CO 

«> 

fl O 
b£ 02 
c3.2 

£Q 


® a> 

- „? C3 CJ 

£ 55.2 “ ® 


a? o tb 

&£.£ 
r os e 

C 00*^5 
t<A4 co 

C3 rs 

. <D Fh 

O^O 
o^ o 

Q 


00 

1 

CO 


CO 


C 

el 


0 ) 


d 


■•*3 

0 ) <D o3 

§§• 
O 


o 

H 

H 


.m • rH 

IQ . 

CO 

^ w 0 ^ 

II J o ^ 

a 

M £ ^ 

CO 


•- § 
- 4 - O 

C3 



















TABLE XI 

The following minerals can be cut in thin slices. The slices will not crumble. Lead 
is an example of a metal which can be sliced with the knife. 

Not metallic in lustre. Nickel has metallic lustre. Marble, wax, etc., have not 
a metallic lustre. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


75 


0) 

3 

d 

c3 

03 

c3 


O 

o 

s 

c3 

03 

o 

A3 


5^ -A> 

-§3 

O 

d 

*£ o 

e 

03 


■sag! 


« * 

OQ 


is 


TJ ^ ^ q 
d^ o>Ah 

03 § a m 


03 

pd 


Ph 


d 


o 


CS3 


fl 

o 

sf 

W) 

. ?H 
>> 0> 
- > 


O 


GO 

o 

d 

Ph 


o 

d 

pH 
?H 

o 

bJO^d 

s « 

> 

b£ O 


-a 

o 


d 
c3 

O 

> 


d : 

03 

03 


1 

CO 

c3 


'CQ 


03 


03 


CpH Cfi 

M p-H 0 qv 

h. £ 2e5 
o 55 c.r-i 


m 
GQ 
d 

a ga 

rfi 


o .. 

P-C r_ 

-A HH 


2 <D 




^ C3 
0^ g 


«3 

^ • o 

pH p—4 ■ -4 'w' 

bJO,^ 0 ^ ^ 

. n G ^-0 Ah ^ 

o-f |g2S£3 


o 

O 


6 GQ o 

03 


bb 


io 


03 03 ^ ^ 
c3 cd ph 

g ia ^ 

2 > a) 

d £ C7* 


o 


d 

03 O 


(M 

I 

40 


o "S 2 o3 

■o %S ? 

• pH Ah 


03 


CO 


d ~*o 


A! ^ 

pd<^ 

O 


H 

03 

j> 

• pH 

CQ 


cT® 

d 

"5 d 
d 

d 03 
03 03 

c3 a 


a J* ( 
6 2 

=§#■ 
03 03 
pO 

^ta 

d ° 

• pH « 

03 k0 


£ 

o 

d 

A 

o' 73 

g A 0 

esj 

s*s 

g o 

$ ft 
. d 

^> 


co >v 
(0 

S 03 


| g § 

.h QD 


ft 

a; 


(P.C 2 
fn tyo^sO^: 


>> 

o3 

b£) s'fi-2 ^ 
Id fl V ti 

«3 *3^ *f 

Jh 7-/^1 

<-H 

o 

O 


40 


o 


"d t2 
d 
c2 


p-H pH * 

0 0 N 


^ > A. 

a § g 

^ <u 3 


0> ^ ^ 


d 03 ^ 0 

0 03 ^ C3 

?H C3 pH 

pO 


ft Sp^ 

. . PH 

-A H-J 


^ rd 

03 C3 J>> 

GQ 2 d ^ +* 

ii ^ pft i i-d ’ 0 

11 

KH ft >> S ^g 

HH g-° d fd 

H-H ^ ^ 


(M 

GO 
(M 

A 

d 
A3 -A> 
ft d 

3 ^ 


GO 


03 

35>*c 

d 

»H 

O 


a 


t. 

« T3 

> 

•'S o 

u 


0) 

+* 

*5 

jg 

cc 






















Tx\BLE XI —Continued 


76 


THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


S3 

o 

X 

£ 


o 

73 

O 


3 

X 

Q* 

3 

05 


o: 73 

X -P 
05 c3 

£x 


1 

-4^> 

X 

c3 

• ^H 

a 

C2 

X 

B 

a 

o 

o 

Cm 

>> 

P 


a 

-^> 


a> 

a> 


X 

S b 

G 

S 5 

cS 

o x o 

m 

05 

iti 9 ~ 

0 ) 

o d> 

a 

Jh 

05 O 

- M 

T3 


<L> 


a 


m 


>> 

H 

o 

*-• 

o> 

u* 

o 

CM 

. to 

S-. £ 

^ X 

^ rJl 
ty>r, 
O 


StI-S 0 73 

C3 ^fX X ~ 
Ph.SHH 


o 
o o 
*<02 


<D 

o3 

O o 

Sh * 

p 
pH 


o o ® c 


O m u c £ £ « s 

a> •£ Jii o *■* 3 -J3 

b g £ «T8 aHb“■ 

S.££c.§"S| 

pD 


73 


*-< ^ 

• r-H -+-> 

> £ 
c3 S 
a> 3 
x cr 

05 rH 

2 § 
5 -h r-j 


tO 

oi 

i 

o* 


>> . 
X' g 

>>73 O 
X c; c 

33 x 

C* O 


K 


7> 

?- 

a 

Oj 


05 

CU 

Ph 

o 


GO 

CO 


GO 


>^ 

1:3 PI 
o 

*-< CO 
o OO 


G 

X 

as 

C 

C 


CO 




05 

05 

O 

» M 

*05 

05 

05 

05 

X 

H 


x 

.15 

£ 

to 

a 

• r-H 

CO 

3 

cm 

73 

c3 

W) 

Pi 


S X 


s- 

O 

73 

O 

o 

£ 

05 


o 

Jh 


3 

O 

05 

X 

G 

c3 

o 

m 

a» 

o 

"05 


05 • 




m 

C3 

O 

£h 

<P 

Cm 

C3 

cii a; 

•5^ 

U) “ 

rM 05 

2-9 

gi> 
5-2 *5 
a ^9 

£C S 


to 

73 Cj 

P X 

GO 


II 

c IS *-< 

0)3 0 

d 

Thr 

a 

eavi 


N 

c3 

G 

cr 


to 

c<5 


ffl 


c 

• 

C! 

a 

G 

o 

i^H 

o 

X 


J—H 

05 

05 

Oh 

-*-5 

Cm 

a 

o 

o 

GO 

w» 


CO 

o 


a> 

CO 

a> 

x 





























Calomel a compound of chlorine and mercury—is grayish in color—very soft, and 
nearly three times heavier than quartz. The ore is sectile— i.e., thin slices can be 
cut from it which will not crumble or break up. 

Yields chlorine fumes on being heated, and the metal, mercury. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


77 


• T-* 

T3 


K 0) 

£3 

os 

co 

3 +3 
~ o ’3 

° 3 

>£< ■ 
a m 

•StJ 2 

c3+" 

°TA 0 

®*1 a o 

l|Ss 


DQ 

ri O 


£ £ PQ cn 


q3 

43 G 


O 

3 • A3 M 

CC ^ o § 
- ° M 


A 

o 

O 


O o 


A M 


§ 

£ 


1C 

CO 

I 

T* 

CO 

II 

d 


S3 


3 

3 

' C5 p—< »-3 

g^.2 2 
o s S =■ 

<D 

h3 


<N 

I 

*0 


w 


T5 rS 

0 ) 0 o cj 
n cq 3 £ 

^ ry} Ah 7 

G g^-Q 
° G 


O 
CO o 

fa o 

5*3 

a <d 
pAT co 

pH ?H 

CO ^ 


• • 


3 

O 

e 

• PH 

a. 

Ih 

o 


a 

0) 

c*-( 

S-H 

0) 

a 

Sh 

CD 

33 

+-> 

<d 

bJO 

O 


o 

33 

3 

pO 

PS 

a 

3 

34 

c3 

<D 

A. 

x> 

o 

3 


CO 

<d 

o 

» rH 

0) 

CO 

CD 

33 


<D 

o 

o 

33 

-a 


o 

Sh 


3 

O 

CD 

32 

3 

o g 

co 3 

a> ft 

o ^ 

h3 ^ 

co 

3 g 

*3 o 

P—H 

H o 

-G 
















THE RARE ORES 


Within a comparatively recent period, certain 
rare ores have become of great commercial im¬ 
portance. 

The electrical furnace has made the valueless reef 
of yesterday the bonanza of to-day. 

Not so many years ago a few minerals constituted 
the full catalogue of the explorer's quests. In many 
cases merely gold and silver filled the horizon of 
his dream. He turned down as worthless the 
valuable gold tellurides of Cripple Creek, the sulphide 
of silver at Virginia City, and the vanadium deposits 
of Peru. A mere list of his mistakes would fill 
volumes. 

Old times are changed. To-day he goes forth 
equipped to prove the value, or lack of it, of any ore. 
And he makes his test right at the mineral deposit. 

His quest covers the whole mineral field. Any¬ 
thing of value, from that commonest of all minerals, 
iron pyrites, to the rare and radiant radium, find a 
place in the fully rounded-out catalogue of his quest. 

Who says the prospector's day hath fled? His 
day is now; and it is merely early morn. 

And the continents, practically unexplored, es¬ 
pecially as far as the rare ores are concerned, invite 
him to their undiscovered bonanzas. 

The market for the rare ores is practically un¬ 
limited. Nor does remoteness from transportation 
78 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 79 

deter the buyer or greatly modify the price he is 
willing to pay. 

The student must bear in mind that a lot of other 
things besides barium and lead are heavy. All 
the rare ores are heavier than quartz; some of them 
are very heavy. Sir William Ramsay points out 
that radium seems to go with the high gravity 
metals. 

Several of the rare elements are often present in 
the same ore. Four of the rare elements, besides 
uranium and radium, are reported to occur in com¬ 
mercial quantities in an ore from the Orient. 

With the few exceptions noted, the rare ores 
occur in the oldest rocks of the earth’s crust. It 
would be only a mere waste of time to search for 
them in recent strata, as for instance, in a coal¬ 
bearing formation. 

As they resist decomposition and are heavy, they 
will be found in the residual sands and debris 
resulting from the erosion of the rock in which they 
primarily occur. 

The search should be confined to granitic rocks, 
and especially to the detritus along streams flowing 
over such rocks. 

A deposit of mineral is a small thing to look for 
in an expanse of many square miles of country. It 
may be hidden under a covering of earth; or it may 
be bare and yet not attract attention. 

The prospector may overlook the deposit, but it 
cannot escape the remorseless touch of disintegration 
and decay; and more or less of the mineral will find 
its way into the gravel bars of the stream. 


80 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

The gravelly banks and bars of the stream are 
simply samples of the material of which the whole 
drainage zone is composed. If gold, silver, platinum, 
uranium, or any other metal or ore not easily 
decomposed occurs in the flowage zone an examina¬ 
tion of the sand and gravel beds of the stream will 
reveal its presence. This examination may be 
made with the pan, rocker, or sluice-box. 

Any of the following metals may occur in paying 
quantity in river gravel: Gold, silver, platinum, 
iridium, iridosmine, osmium. All of these metals 
have an unmistakable metallic lustre. 

The non-metallic ores found in stream detritus are 
monazite, zircon, rutile, tin stone, cerium, uranium, 
yttria, diamond, and many others. 

The heavy minerals are usually, but not always, 
found at or near the bottom of the gravel deposit. 
The up-stream side of a bend in the river is a favor¬ 
able place for the heavy minerals to accumulate. 

More or less of the softer ores, like baryta, van- 
adinite, etc., may be found in the stream sands, if 
such occur in the flowage area. If monazite, thoria, 
or any of the harder high-gravity ores occur within 
the drainage zone of the stream an examination 
of the river-wash will reveal the fact. 

The following data will enable the student to 
identify the rare ores designated below. 

Assuming a heavy ore is found in the pan. (The 
behavior of the ore in the wash dish will indicate its 
comparative weight. If the ore is heavier than 
ordinary rocks, such as granite, slate, and quartz, it 
will remain in the pan after the particles of quarto 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


81 


and granite have been washed away. If it keeps 
intimate company in the pan with the magnetite 
[“black sand”], both being approximately same size 
particles, the ore and black sand must be of equal 
weight. This means the ore is twice as heavy as 
quartz. If the ore lags behind the black sand when 
the water is circled around in the pan, the ore must 
be heavier than the black sand.) We have de¬ 
termined the comparative weight (density) of the 
mineral. It cannot be scratched with a wire nail. 
It will not fuse alone, or with soda, indicating one 
of the following ores: yttria, thoria, zircon, glucina, 
cerite, pitchblende. 

Yttria and glucina behave as follows: After being 
heated beyond redness, then moistened, when cold, 
with cobalt solution and re-heated, the ore on 
cooling is seen to have changed to a bluish-gray 
color. 

An ore containing a commercial percentage of 
zirconia will at a high heat produce a very glaring 
white light. 

A fragment heated to redness, allowed to cool, 
then moistened with a few drops of cobalt solution, 
and again heated, changes to a dirty violet color. 

Zircon will not fuse with soda, or microcosmic salt, 
(t is difficult to fuse it with borax. 

Cerium ores give no reaction with cobalt solution. 
The ores fuse to a clear glass with microcosmic salt. 
A char glass is obtained with a large quantity of ore . 

Thoria fuses to a clear glass with microcosmic 
salt, provided only a minute quantity of ores is used. 

With a larger quantity the glass is not clear. 


82 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

Thoria contains radium, etc., and affects a photo¬ 
graphic plate, like pitchblende. 

Uranium fuses with microcosmic salt to a green 
mass. The ore must be fused in the centre of the 
flame to give the green color. The fused mass is a 
beautiful shade of green. Pitchblende—the prin¬ 
cipal ore of uranium, with a small quantity of soda— 
gives indications of fusing. With a large quantity 
of soda the ore assumes a yellowish-brown color. 
It is infusible with soda. 

Monazite—an ore containing cerium, thoria, etc. 
Cleaves or splits easily. In fine powder with a few 
drops of sulphuric acid, and a larger quantity of 
alcohol, and ignited, the flame is colored green. 
A fragment highly heated becomes gray, but does 
not fuse. 

Of the foregoing minerals, zircon and rutile are 
much too hard to yield to the knife-point. 

Zircon scratches quartz readily. 

Quartz will scratch rutile. 

The specific gravity of the above ranges from a 
little less than twice that of quartz to a shade above 
twice the density of quartz. 

Small bits to masses of scheelite may be found 
in the stream gravel. It yields to the knife-point. 
It is much heavier than any of the foregoing. See 
under Scheelite. 

Casseterite, or tin stone, is often found in river 
sands. Too hard to yield to knife-point. A heavy 
ore. Fuses with soda, yielding particles of the 
metal tin. 

The mineral is white, reddish, perhaps yellowish. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 83 

Its streak is white. A heavy ore. Soft—yielding 
readily to the knife. A few drops of alcohol dropped 
on its powder and ignited give a greenish flame— 
indicating baryta. 

The mineral may be any shade of gray, brown, 
green, or white. Its streak is white. Yields to 
the knife easily. Blackens and becomes magnetic 
on being heated, indicates siderite, the carbonate of 
iron. Violent action ensues when a few drops of 
hydrochloric acid are applied to the powdered ore. 
This shows it to be a carbonate, and the magnetism 
induced by heat completes the identification. 

Of course siderite, barytes, tin stone, and rutile 
are not rare. They are introduced here to show 
how they differ from the rare ores. 

The following ores are too soft to stand the at¬ 
traction incidental to stream debris. However, it 
is possible some fragments may be found in a river 
bar. 

Assuming a non - metallic-looking, soft ore is 
found. The color is reddish or bright yellow. 
The streak is yellowish. Apply a drop of nitric 
acid to it; a yellow film forms. This indicates 
vanadinite. Autunite is similar and responds to 
the nitric acid test, like vanadinite. 

The mineral is yellow to reddish-yellow in color. 
Streak is yellow. About as hard as a copper coin. 
Has the aspect of a rosin. Fuses to a beautiful 
green mass with microcosmic salt. Fuse in centre 
of flame. This indicates gummite, an alteration 
product of pitchblende. Gummite contains ra¬ 
dium, etc. 


84 THE ABCOP THE USEFUL MINERALS 

The prospector occasionally comes across likely 
looking gem and ornamental stones. 

A very good idea of how a stcfne will look when 
polished may be had by simply wetting a fresh 
surface of the specimen, holding it about three feet 
from the eye, and turning it slowly in the 
sunlight. 

When a commercial quantity of any of the rare 
ores is found a sample should be sent to the nearest 
Government mining bureau for analysis. Any 
unusual ore, especially if it is heavy, should be sub¬ 
mitted to the nearest State laboratory for identifi¬ 
cation and report. 

Uraninite; Pitchblende 

An ore of complex composition consisting of 
uranium, thorium, lanthanum, yttrium, argon, 
helium, and radium. 

Hardness 5.5—can be scratched by the knife¬ 
point without much effort. Gravity, when pure, 
9 to 9.7. Nearly four times as heavy as quartz. 
Much heavier than same bulk of steel. Color, 
grayish, greenish, often velvet black. Knife-scratch 
brown. 

Test .—To the powdered ore, add three times its 
bulk of microcosmic salt — highly heated on the 
F. S., the mass, while hot, is a dirty green. When 
cold the fused mass is a beautiful green. 

Another Test —Roast the finely powdered ore, 
then fuse it with a mixture of carbonate of soda 
and saltpetre. To the fused mass, when cold, add 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


85 


hydrochloric acid—a yellow powder forms after a 
few minutes. On heating, the powder changes to 
scarlet. 

Special Test .—Suspend a sample of the pitch¬ 
blende above a photographic plate wrapped in 
black paper and kept in the dark. Place a key, or 
any bit of metal, between the ore and the 
plate. 

The experiment may be carried out in a small 
box kept in a perfectly dark place. In a few days 
the photographic plate, when developed, will show 
a shadowgraph of the key, or bit of metal, if the ore 
is pitchblende. 

Any ore containing a commercial percentage of 
radium will respond to the photographic plate 
test. 

Pitchblende is found only in old rocks, as the 
granites and gneisses. It occurs in Austria; in the 
tin mines of Cornwall, England. It is found in a 
pegmatite vein in Norway; also in a feldspar quarry 
in that country. 

Pitchblende, in its different varieties, is a very 
heavy ore, and is easily saved in the pan. 

All the rare ores are much heavier than ordinary 
rocks, and for that reason remain in the pan after 
the lighter particles of quartz, granite, and slate 
have passed out of the wash dish. 

Samarskite is a complicated compound containing 
columbium, cerium, uranium, radium, yttria, and 
other rare elements. Imperfectly metallic lustre; 
shining. 

Affects a photographic plate, like pitchblende. 


86 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


Samarskite 

Hardness 5 to 6. Usually too hard to be im¬ 
pressed by the knife-point. Quartz will scratch it 
readily. Gravity 5.6 to 5.8. More than twice as 
heavy as quartz or granite. 

Color black to glossy black. 

File, or quartz, scratch dark reddish-brown. 

Test. —Powder the ore to finest dust. Boil with 
hydrochloric acid—add a fragment of tin. The 
solution becomes azure blue. 

Test. —Fused with microcosmic salt it forms an 
emerald-green mass. 


Euxenite 

Hardness 6.5. Too hard to be impressed with 
the knifepoint. Quartz will scratch it. Gravity 
4.6 to 5. Nearly twice as heavy as granite or 
quartz. 

Color glossy black. Scratch mark, with quartz, 
yellow to red-brown. 

Test. —On long boiling with hydrochloric acid and 
tin the solution becomes blue. 

Test. —Affects a photographic plate, like pitch¬ 
blende. 

Contains uranium, yttrium, radium, and other 
rare elements. 

Torbernite. Uran Mica 

Hardness 2 to 2.5. Softer than a copper coin. 
Gravity 3.3 to 3.6. Nearly one and a half times 
heavier than quartz. Color emerald to grass green. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


87 


Scratched surface paler than rest of specimen. 
Occurs in thin leaves, like mica. The leaves are 
brittle. 

Fuses at a moderate heat, coloring the flame 
greenish. The fused mass is blackish. Its bright 
green color, mica-like form, and easy fusion dis¬ 
tinguish it from the ores it resembles. Contains 
phosphorus, uranium, radium, copper, and 14 per 
cent, of water. 

Results from the decomposition of uranium ores, 
and found with such ores. Gummite and autunite 
have a similar origin. 

Carnotite 

An ochreous pigment of a beautiful canary- 
yellow color. 

A weathered surface looks as if it had been dusted 
over with sulphur. 

The ore is found on closer examination to be 
rather firmly attached to the gauge. 

The streak is a very little paler. A fresh fracture 
is a duller yellow than an old surface. 

Occurs in thin layers and small dots through the 
groundwork of the gauge, which is a fine-grained 
sandstone. 

At a moderate heat part of the ore fuses to small 
black pellets. 

The unfused part of the ore becomes a dull black. 

With a large quantity of microcosmic salt and a 
little soda it fuses to a clear glass. When cold 
the glass is a beautiful green. 

Found in fine-grained sandstone in Colorado. 


88 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

The quantity found at any one point is compara¬ 
tively small, but the ore occurs over a large territory. 

It is a complex ore containing phosphorus, uranium, 
vanadium, potash, molybdenum, lead, baryta, lime, 
iron, lithium, and radium. 

Carnotite and pitchblende are the principal 
sources of radium. 

The color of carnotite changes in proportion to 
the content of uranium or of the vanadium. 

When the uranium content is 20 per cent, or 
more, the ore is a beautiful yellow. When the 
uranium is as low as 3 per cent, and vanadium 14 
per cent., the color is a dark olive green. See under 
vanadium ores. 


Monazite 

Hardness 5-5.5. The knife-point marks it, but 
not easily. Gravity 4.9 to 5.3. About twice as 
heavy as quartz. 

Color reddish. Some kinds brown. Some vari¬ 
eties yellowish. 

Commonly in small cross-formed crystals. Some¬ 
times in flattened grains. Crystals split (cleave) 
easily; a fresh face more or less glassy. 

It also occurs in coarse masses which break into 
angular fragments. 

Composition .—A phosphate of cerium, lanthanum, 
yttrium, didymium, and thoria. 

Test .—It does not fuse, but changes color when 
heated, becoming gray. 

Test .—Moisten its powder with a drop or two of 
hydrochloric acid—then add 4 or 5 drops of alcohol. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


89 


Ignite.—The alcohol flame is colored a dirty green 

Test.—Will not fuse with soda. The mineral 
remains unchanged. 

Occurs in granites and gneisses and should be 
carefully looked for when panning the residual 
sands of such rocks. A gravel bar containing a 
commercial percentage of monazite would be a 
valuable property. 

Vanadium Ores 

The principal ores of vanadium are patronite, 
carnotite, roscolite, and vanadinite. 

Patronite contains about 35 per cent, vanadium 
sulphide, 35 per cent, free sulphur, and 15 silica. 
On account of the high sulphur content it burns 
freely to an “ ash/’ losing nearly half its original 
weight. The ash contains from 47 per cent, to 50 
per cent, vanadium oxide. 

Carnotite contains a variable amount of vanadi¬ 
um oxide, uranium oxide; and is a source of radium. 

The “run of mine” carnotite goes as low as 4 
per cent, vanadium oxide and 2 per cent, uranium. 
The ore when containing 12 per cent, or more of 
vanadium oxide is of a dark green color. The ore 
when high in vanadium is of a brick-red color. It 
resembles red oxide of iron—red ochre, with this 
difference: small dots or particles of canary-yellow 
are distributed through the mass. Moreover, the 
red oxide of iron after being heated to redness with 
an equal bulk of soda becomes magnetic. 

Carnotite does not become magnetic on being 
heated with soda. 


90 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

Roscoelite is a mica containing about 3 per cent, 
vanadium oxide. 

Color dark brownish-green. 

In small plates which can be split up into thin 
leaves like mica. 

The plates will bend, but will not spring back into 
original position, like mica. Valuable as a source of 
vanadium when in quantity. 

Vanadinite is described on another page. 

Descloizite is a vanadate of lead and zinc. 
Approximate composition: vanadium oxide 19 per 
cent., lead oxide 55 per cent., zinc oxide 19 per 
cent., water 3 per cent. 

Hardness 2.5 to 3. When 3 it is equal to a copper 
coin in hardness. 

Gravity 6.9 to 7.2. Equal in weight to same 
bulk of steel or iron. 

Color red to orange yellow. Streak yellowish. 
A drop of nitric acid applied to it develops a yellow 
powdery film. Fuses alone; the fused mass en¬ 
closing particles of lead. A fragment heated to 
near redness, and, when cold, moistened with a few 
drops of cobalt solution, and reheated, assumes a 
green color when cold. 

The presence of vanadium in any of its ores may 
be determined as follows: Roast a small portion of 
the ore. When cold place it in a tablespoonful of 
sulphuric acid. Heat the acid until fumes appear. 
When cold cautiously add about six tablespoonfuls 
of water. Add twenty to thirty drops of peroxide of 
hydrogen. If vanadium is present the liquid changes 
to a dark red or mahogany color. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


91 


Tellurides of Gold 
All Have Metallic Lustre 

Tellurium is the only element in nature found 
combined with gold. All the tellurides of gold are 
soft ores. Petzite is the hardest of these ores, and 
is readily scratched by a copper coin. Nagyagite 
yields to the thumb-nail. Sylvanite is in most cases 
equally soft. 

Three of them closely resemble lead, and each 
other. They all respond to the test given for the pres¬ 
ence of tellurium. (See “ Testing for Tellurium.”) 

On long heating on the F. S. with soda a globule 
of gold or an alloy of gold and silver results. 

In some cases the ores are distributed in very fine 
particles through the gauge. A thin edge or splinter 
of the rock held between the eye and a strong light 
will generally show specks of ore, if any be present. 

It is always well to thoroughly examine all likely 
ledges in a gold-bearing region for tellurides of that 
metal. The gold is not visible in these ores. 

The tellurides are often associated in the vein with 
pyrite, and other ores. 

Sylvanite. —Hardness 1.5 to 2. Much softer 
than a copper coin. Gravity 7.9 to 8.3. As heavy 
as same bulk of iron or steel. Color lead-gray. Some 
ores silver-white. Occasionally brass-yellow. The 
scratched surface same color as the specimen. Very 
brittle. Called “graphic tellurium” on account of 
the resemblance of its crystals to the letters of the 
Hebrew alphabet. Approximate composition: gold 
30 per cent., silver 10 per cent., tellurium 60 per cent. 


92 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

After roasting, fuse with soda on the spoon. After 
long heating with soda a globule containing gold and 
silver is obtained. 

Krennerite closely resembles sylvanite. 

Nagyagite. —Hardness 1 to 1.5. Can be readily 
marked by the thumb-nail. Gravity 6.8 to 7.2. 
About as heavy as same bulk of iron or steel. Color 
dark lead-gray. Scratched surface lead-gray. Oc¬ 
curs in thin leaves. The leaves will bend without 
breaking. Contains 54 per cent, lead, 9 per cent, 
gold, 32 per cent, tellurium. Will yield a globule of 
lead containing gold. 

On heating the lead in a small cup made from 
burnt bone a globule of gold remains after the lead 
is oxidized. 

Calaverite. —Hardness 2.5. Much softer than a 
copper coin. Gravity 9. Three and a half times heav¬ 
ier than quartz. Heavier than same bulk of iron or 
steel. Color bronze-yellow. Sometimes silver-white. 

Scratched surface yellowish-gray, bright metallic. 

Approximate composition: gold 40 per cent., 
tellurium 60 per cent. 

On long heating the tellurium is driven off and a 
globule of gold remains. 


MINERALS AND METALS WHICH 
RESEMBLE EACH OTHER 

To help the student narrow the possible errors 
to the smallest scope, the ores and metals which 
resemble one another are grouped and compared in 
the following paragraphs. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


93 


A distinguishing characteristic or test is given by 
which each ore or metal in a group may be isolated 
and identified. 

It is of great importance to the man in the remote 
wilderness to know how to determine the mineral 
in hand. Take, for example, baryta and scheelite. 
These ores are physically alike; but a large deposit 
of baryta would be valueless twenty miles from ship¬ 
ping. A large deposit of scheelite would be valuable 
at a much greater distance from shipping. 

For the student's convenience the descriptions of 
the physically-alike minerals and metals are here 
restated. 


Metallic Lustre 

Gold, color various shades of gold-yellow. Some¬ 
times very pale yellow. When alloyed with much 
silver, gold is nearly silver-white. 

Iron and copper pyrites are often mistaken for 
gold by those inexperienced in ores. 

Gold will cut in slices, and will flatten into a thin 
sheet under the hammer. Iron and copper pyrites 
are brittle. 

Assuming the specimen under examination is a 
mere speck in a rock. Turn it around in the sun¬ 
light; the color remains unchanged in any position 
if the particle is gold. Shut off the sunlight and 
turn the sample in different directions; the color 
remains unchanged if it is gold. 

“Golden mica” is in scales, and can be split into 
thin leaves. Gold will not split up. 

Native copper is of a copper-red color. It will 


94 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

flatten under the hammer. It fuses, and on cooling 
it is covered with the black oxide of that metal. 
Gold fuses, but retains its original color. 

Nitric acid dissolves copper, but gold remains 
unchanged in that or any other acid. 

Platinum, Palladium, Native Iron 
Metallic Lustre 

These metals resemble one another. 

The color is steel-gray to iron-gray for platinum 
and native iron, and often for palladium. Some¬ 
times the latter is almost silver-white. 

The streak is in each case bright metallic. 

Platinum equals 4 to a little over 4 in hardness. 
It yields readily to the knife-point. When pure it 
is about same weight as gold—the impure is lighter. 
It flattens under the hammer. No single add will 
dissolve 'platinum . 

Palladium is steel-gray. Sometimes nearly silver- 
white. It ranges from 4.5 to 6 in hardness. When 
6 it yields, if at all, with difficulty to the knife-point. 
Same weight as an equal bulk of lead. It is much 
lighter than platinum. 

Flattens under the hammer. 

Dissolves in nitric add. Fuses with sulphur , hut 
not alone. 

Native iron is much lighter than the above. Differs 
also in being strongly magnetic , while platinum and 
palladium, when magnetic, are hut feehly so. 

Native iron placed in a solution of salt and water 
soon begins to “rust.” 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


95 


Metallic Lustre 

The following ores look alike, being of a lead- 
gray color. 

They are heavy ores—heavier than same bulk 
of steel or iron. 

They flatten out under the hammer. 

They are very valuable ores. 

Argentite is composed of 12.9 per cent, sulphur, 
and 87.1 per cent, silver. 

Fuses alone, yielding sulphur fumes , and after 
long heating a globule of silver. 

Hessite consists of 37 per cent, tellurium and 63 
per cent, silver. Gives no sulphur fumes on heating. 
Yields a button of silver when fused with soda. 

Petzite is steel-gray to iron-black. 

Yields with soda, after long heating, an alloy of 
gold and silver. The presence of gold in the globule 
is indicated by the yellow color of the fused mass. 

Petzite is composed of approximately 33 per cent, 
tellurium, 42 per cent, silver, and 25 per cent. gold. 

Petzite and hessite are usually found together. 

Chloanthite like the above in color and density. 
Fumes of arsenic—green coating in nitric acid. 

Linnaeite. —Hardness 5.5. Gravity 4.8-5. Color 
nearly tin-white, with a reddish tinge. Knife- 
scratch grayish-black. 

A fragment placed in nitric acid develops a green 
coating, indicating nickel. Sulphur fumes only. 

Cobaltite. — Hardness 5.5. Gravity 6-6.3. 
Color silver-white. Knife-scratch grayish-black. 
Nearly two and a half times heavier than quartz. 


96 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


A blue mass with borax. Fumes of arsenic and 
sulphur. 

Smaltite. —Hardness 5.5-6. Color silver-white. 
Streak grayish-black. Same weight as cobaltite— 
but harder. 

Arsenical fumes only. A few smart blows of the 
hammer will develop a garlic odor—the odor of 
burning arsenic. A blue bead with borax. 

Color Metallic White 
Metallic Lustre 

Bismuth. —Color tin-white, with a faint reddish 
tinge. Sometimes imperfectly malleable. Often 
brittle. Hardness 2-2.5. Can be impressed by the 
thumb-nail, but not easily. Gravity 9.7 to 9.8. 
Much heavier than steel. 

Its tin-white faintly reddish color, its softness 
and great weight serve to identify the metal. 

Silver. —Color silver-white. Knife-mark same 
color. Can be flattened into a thin plate under the 
hammer. Scratched by copper coin. More than 
four times heavier than quartz. About same weight 
as lead. A bright surface, slightly moistened, 
and held above a burning sulphur match is in¬ 
stantly stained. 

Iridosmine.* —Color tin-white. Also pale steel- 
gray. Hardness 6-7. Can be scratched, but not 
easily, by quartz. Gravity 19-21. Eight times 
heavier than quartz. Nearly twice as heavy as lead. 
Flattens under the hammer but only imperfectly 


* Occurs with platinum in river sands, etc. 



PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 97 

malleable. Seated on the R. S. with Chili saltpetre 
it yields a 'peculiar odor. 

Dyscrasite. —Color and knife-mark silver-white. 
Harder than a copper coin. Yields to the knife¬ 
point rather easily. Gravity 9.5. More than three 
times heavier than quartz. Yields dense clouds of 
white vapor on heating on R. S. After roasting, a 
globule of silver with soda—if not without the 
flux. 

Molybdenite.* —Lead-gray color. Easily marked 
by thumb-nail. Color lead-gray; slightly bluish. 
Scratch - mark lead-gray with a tinge suggest¬ 
ing green. Splits up into thin flakes. Marks 
paper. Feels greasy. Nearly twice as heavy as 
quartz. 

On the R. S. at a high heat it changes to a white 
slippery powder; at same time sulphur fumes are 
given off. 

Graphite. —Color shiny black and glossy iron 
black. Rarely tin-white. Often lead-gray. Usu¬ 
ally in thin plates. Quite greasy to the touch. 
Marks paper. Finger-nail marks it very easily. 
Not as heavy as quartz. Has some resemblance to 
molybdenite, but remains unchanged on the R. S. 
Molybdenite on being heated changes to a white 
powder having a slippery feel. 

Arsenopyrite, Lollingite, and Leucopyrite.— 
All of white or whitish colors. More than twice 
heavier than quartz. Knife-scratch grayish-black. 
Yield a garlic odor on being sharply struck a few 
blows with the hammer. 


* Molybdenite is at present worth about $450 per ton. 



98 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


No green coating in nitric acid—no blue bead with 
borax. 

Sperrylite. —Color silver-white—knife-scratch 
black. Two and a half times heavier than quartz. 
Heated to a white heat on F. S., yields up arsenical 
fumes; a grayish mass remains (platinum) which 
will not dissolve in acid. 

Color Brass-Yellow 
Metallic Lustre 

The following ores resemble one another. A dis¬ 
tinguishing characteristic is given for each ore. 
Thus, iron pyrites gives a black streak. 

Chalcopyrite yields a greenish streak. 

Marcasite has a greenish tinge in its pale brass- 
yellow. 

Nicolite gives a garlic odor on being heated. 

Stannite, which is in some cases brass-yellow, is 
covered with a snow-white oxide in the flame. 

Pyrite (Fool’s gold).—Composition: Sulphur 
53.3 per cent., iron 46.7 per cent. Color pale brass- 
yellow. Its reflection in a mirror is deep brass- 
yellow. Too hard for knife to impress. Strikes fire 
with steel. Nearly twice as heavy as quartz. 
Scratched surface is black. Sulphur fumes on 
heating, and becomes magnetic. 

Marcasite is of similar composition, hardness, and 
weight, but with a greenish tinge in its pale brass 
color. 

Used like pyrite for making sulphuric acid. 

Copper Pyrites. Chalcopyrite has some re- 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 99 

semblance to iron pyrites, but is much softer. Its 
streak is greenish. 

Nicolite. —Composition: Nickel 44 per cent., 
arsenic 56 per cent. Color pale copper-red. Knife- 
scratch pale brownish-black. Hardness 5 to 5.5. 
Gravity 7.3 to 7.6. As heavy as same bulk of steel. 
Yields a garlic odor on being heated. 

Stannite (tin pyrites).—Sometimes brass-yellow. 
Usually steel-gray. Easily marked by knife-point. 
Gravity 4.5, quartz is 2.66. On being strongly 
heated on the F. S. it is covered with a snow-white 
oxide. 

Contains tin, copper, iron, and sulphur. 


Minerals of a Lead-Gray Color 
Metallic Lustre 

Hematite. —Specular iron ore—has some resem¬ 
blance to ullmannite and gersdorffite, but its streak 
is cherry red; yields no fumes. Occurs in plates 
and splits into thin leaves. Becomes magnetic on 
heating. 

Ullmannite (nickel and antimony).—Color light 
steel-gray. Streak grayish-black. The knife-point 
cuts, it but not easily. Two and a half times heavier 
than quartz. On R. S., at top of flame yields sulphur 
fumes and dense white clouds of antimony vapor. 
Green coating in nitric acid. 

Gersdorffite (an ore of nickel).—Is similar in 
physical aspect. Yields sulphurous and arsenical 
fumes. A green coating in nitric acid. 


100 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


Color Iron-Gray 
Metallic Lustre 

Hematite is sometimes of an iron-gray color. 

Magnetite. —Hardness 5.5 to 6.5. When 6 in 
hardness a knife-point will not impress it. Color 
iron-gray. Some ores have a raven gloss. Streak- 
mark dark gray to black. Twice as heavy as 
quartz. 

A magnet will pick up large fragments of the ore. 
Affects the magnetic needle, such as a compass 
needle, etc. 

Hematite is not magnetic, or very feebly so, 
until after being heated to redness. Its streak, 
and the powder from streak or scratch, are red. 

Streak powder from magnetite is black. 

Pyrolusite. —Black oxide of manganese. Hard¬ 
ness 2 to 2.5. Softer than a copper coin. Nearly 
twice as heavy as quartz. Color iron-black. In¬ 
fusible alone. A red-brown mass on fusing with 
borax. Not magnetic before or after being heated. 

Faint to Full Metallic Lustre 

Wolframite. —Color dark grayish-black. Also 
steel-gray. Some varieties oily looking. Some¬ 
times dull. Hardness 5-5.5. Knife-point scratches 
it, but not easily. Streak-mark dark reddish-brown. 
Some ores give an oily brown streak. 

Gravity 7.1-7.5. Nearly three times heavier 
than quartz. The ore is as heavy as cast-iron or 
steel. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


101 


Hubernite is similar, but as a rule not metallic. 
Sometimes submetallic to dull. Gravity 7.1-7.5, 
or same as wolframite. 

These ores have some resemblance to some ores 
of iron, but are much heavier. Iron ores are in¬ 
fusible alon v e. Wolframite and hubernite fuse easily. 
Boiling aqua regia—one part nitric and two parts 
hydrochloric reduces the ore, when in fine powder, 
to yellow tungstic oxide. Pour off the aqua regia, 
add hydrochloric acid and a bit of tin; the solution 
at once becomes a deep blue color. 

Wolframite, hubernite, and scheelite are the 
principal ores of tungsten. They are worth about 
$490 per ton. 

Non-Metallic Lustre 

Scheelite, barite, and witherite are heavy ores. 
They closely resemble one another. 

Scheelite is much heavier and harder than barite 
or witherite. 

The powder from barite or witherite, moistened 
with a few drops of alcohol, and ignited, colors the 
flame greenish. Powdered scheelite does not color 
the alcohol flame. 

Barite fused with soda, and the fused mass 
moistened and crushed on a bright silver surface, 
stains it dark brown. Witherite does not , on being 
fused with soda, stain silver. 

Scheelite yields a yellow powder on being boiled in 
hydrochloric acid. Scheelite is quoted at $480 per 
ton at New York. 


102 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


Non-Metallic Lustre 

Scheelite. —Color white, brownish, yellowish. 
Hardness 4.5 to 5. Knife-point impresses it, but 
not very easily. Gravity 6. Nearly two and a half 
times heavier than quartz or granite. Scratch-mark 
white. Feels decidedly heavy. A yellow powder 
left after ore is boiled in hydrochloric acid. 

Barite (no “bubbling” with acid).—Color white. 
Also shades of brown, yellow, and green. Hardness 
2.5 to 3.5. Some ores (2.5) are softer than a copper 
coin, and the coin will mark such. The knife-point 
scratches all barite ores easily. Streak white or 
whitish. Gravity 4.3 to 4.6. One and three- 
quarter times heavier than quartz. 

Witherite (“bubbles” briskly).—Color white, 
grayish. A little harder than a copper coin. One 
and three-quarter times heavier than quartz. 

Minerals Lacking Metallic Lustre 

Smithsonite, “ Drybone.” — Zinc carbonate. 
Contains 52 per cent, zinc, remainder oxygen and 
carbonic acid. 

Calamine. —A silicate of zinc. Contains 67.5 per 
cent, zinc oxide—balance silica and water. These 
ores are very much alike in their general appear¬ 
ance. The tests given below serve to distinguish 
one from the other. 

Smithsonite. —Color white, often grayish. Some¬ 
times greenish. Brownish-white. Lustre more or 
less glossy. Hardness 5. Can be marked fairly 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 103 

easy by the knife-point. Scratched surface white. 
Gravity 4-4.4. About one and a half times 
heavier than quartz. 

A drop of hydrochloric acid causes brisk bubbling. 
It is decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Rub the 
ore briskly on a bit of cloth and at once bring near 
a compass. The needle is disturbed. 

Calamine. —Color whitish or white. Sometimes 
bluish, greenish, or brownish. Lustre more or less 
glossy. Hardness 4.5-5. Knife-point marks it. 
Scratched surface is white. Gravity 3.5. One and 
a third heavier than quartz. 

No action with hydrochloric acid. No effect 
upon the magnetic needle. Moisten a fragment 
with cobalt solution; heat on R. S.; ore becomes 
blue. 

Heat a fragment to redness, soon as it cools it 
disturbs the needle. 

Calamine contains silica 25 per cent., zinc oxide 
67.5 per cent., water 7.5. 

Non-Metallic Lustre 

Genthite (a nickel silicate). — Color pale to 
bright apple-green. Scratched surface paler than 
the rest of the specimen. Hardness 1 to 3. Gener¬ 
ally softer than 3. A copper coin will mark the ore. 
Usually soft enough to be easily impressed by the 
thumb-nail. Its weight is about same as an equal 
bulk of quartz. Has a greasy feel. It is brittle. 
(Garnierite and avalite are similar ores.) 

The above ores bear some resemblance to talc. 
Talc is of a pale apple-green to nearly white color. 


104 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

Soft enough to yield readily to the thumb-nail. 
About same weight as quartz. Feels soapy. 

Difference —genthite is brittle. A thin splinter 
of talc will bend. Talc has many uses. 

Minerals Which Look Alike 
Non-Metallic Lustre 

Crocoite. —Color bright red. Knife-scratch 
orange-yellow. A copper coin will scratch the ore. 
Gravity 5.9 to 6. Two and a half times heavier 
than quartz. 

A chromate of lead. 

Add tin to its solution in hydrochloric acid. The 
solution becomes apple-green , then brownish , and finally 
red. Fuses to a shiny slag containing globules of 
lead. 

Vanadinite. —Color red. Often yellowish. Fresh 
fracture looks greasy; sometimes pearly. Softer 
than a copper coin. Gravity 6.7 to 7. About same 
weight as steel or iron. Fuses easily, yielding 
particles of lead. A drop of nitric acid applied to it 
soon develops a yellow powdery film. Vanadinite 
is composed of vanadium pentoxide 19 per cent., 
lead protoxide 79 per cent., chlorine 2.5 per cent. 

(A valuable ore and easily identified.) 

Descloizite is a similar ore but contains some 
zinc in addition to vanadium and lead. It is a little 
harder than a copper coin, but lighter than vanadi¬ 
nite. A fragment heated and, when cold, moistened 
with cobalt solution and re-heated, assumes a green 
color on cooling. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 105 

Gummite. —Color orange-yellow. Greasy lustre. 
Scratched surface paler yellow. Softer than a cop¬ 
per coin. More than one and a half times heavier 
than quartz. 

Infusible alone and with soda. 

Fused with microcosmic salt on F. S. in centre of 
flame, a green bead or mass. 

Autunite. —Color orange-yellow, and somewhat 
pearly lustre. 

A little heavier than quartz, much softer than 
a copper coin. 

In scales , like mica, splits into thin leaves. 

A green mass or bead on fusing with micro- 
cosmic salt in centre of flame. 

Autunite and gummite are alteration products of 
uranium. Autunite contains uranium oxide, phos¬ 
phorus, lime, and water. 

Gummite contains uranium oxides, etc. 

Thorite. —Color brownish black. Also bright 
yellow. Hardness 4.5 to 5. Much too hard to be 
impressed by a copper coin. Scratched surface 
orange to brownish-yellow. Unchanged alone or 
with soda at any stage of heating. Found only in old 
rocks and in monazite sand. 

Cervantite has some resemblance to thorite. 
Its hardness and gravity are about same as thorite. 
Nearly twice as heavy as quartz. An ore of anti¬ 
mony. Infusible but yields clouds of antimony 
vapor upon being heated. 

Geothite. —Color yellowish — rarely reddish. 
Knife-scratch rich yellow. Hardness 5 to 5.5. 
Yields to the knife-point, but not easily. 


106 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 


Gravity 4-4.4. Nearly twice heavier than quartz 
or granite. Heated to redness on R. S. it becomes 
magnetic. Geothite is an ore of iron. 

Sulphur. —Yellowish to almost white in color. 
Easily marked by thumb-nail. Not as heavy as 
quartz—being only 2, while quartz is 2.66. 

Burns in the flame of a match, emitting the well- 
known fumes of suljphur. 

Sphalerite. —Hardness 3.5-4. Gravity 4. Color 
brownish—pale reddish. Knife-scratch brownish— 
yellowish—reddish. Sometimes white. 

Zincite. —Hardness 4-4.5. Gravity 5.5. Color 
bright red. Knife-scratch orange-yellow. Glassy 
looking. 

Wurtzite. —Yellow to brown, streak paler. 

Sphalerite, zincite, and wurtzite are ores of zinc. 
On heating—after roasting—these ores give a green 
color with cobalt solution. 

Orpiment. —Can be impressed by the thumb-nail. 
One and a half times heavier than quartz. Lemon- 
yellow color. Streak paler. 

Place a small fragment on a smooth rock; strike 
it a few smart blows with the hammer—garlic odor 
is evolved. 


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 


107 


Testing for Gold 

When a rock, free from mineral, is suspected to 
be gold-bearing, it should be crushed to a very fine 
powder, and the rock dust washed in the pan. 
With care, very small particles of gold can be saved 
in the pan.* 

A rock containing iron, copper, or arsenical pyrites 
may be tested for gold by crushing the ore to mere 
dust; slowly but thoroughly roasting the ore below 
a red heat for about half an hour. When fumes 
cease, heat the ore to a bright red for about fifteen 
minutes. When cold, place the ore in a dish, and 
enough water barely to cover it. Add enough table 
salt to make the water a strong brine. Let it rest 
in a warm place for about ten hours. Turn the ore 
and pickle into a gold pan. Place some water in 
the emptied dish; rub the sides and bottom thor¬ 
oughly. Turn the dish suddenly upside down over 
the pan. This should be done several times to 
insure that nothing is left in the “ brine dish.” 

Half fill the pan with clean water; rub the ore, 
with the hand or a flat stone, against the bottom 
of the pan. Don’t spare this rubbing. Do it 
thoroughly. 

Fill the pan with water. Let about half the 
water drain off slowly. Rub the ore again. Fill the 
pan and slowly drain away about half the water. 

* A mere speck of gold placed between the folds of stiff 
paper, and laid on a hard, smooth surface, can be hammered 
out into a very thin leaf, easily visible several feet away. 



108 THE A B C OF THE USEFUL MINERALS 

Continue the rubbing and the addition of fresh water 
from time to time. Then carefully wash away the 
lighter sediment, and examine the residue left in 
the pan for gold. 

If no gold is visible, place the contents of the 
pan in a porcelain dish. Add one part nitric acid 
and three parts hydrochloric acid until the acids 
cover the ore. Let this stand for some hours. Then 
pour the clear liquid into another porcelain dish. 
Boil the liquid to near dryness, then add about 
thirty drops of water and five or six drops of hydro¬ 
chloric acid. Warm the mixture, then add a few 
drops of the chloride of tin.* If gold is present, the 
solution will at once he colored a beautiful purple. 

Note. —A mere speck of gold can be treated as 
in the process described for ore—and the purple 
produced, when tin is added, observed. Once seen, 
the “purple” can not be afterward mistaken. 


* If chloride of tin is not at hand, a bit of tin foil, or scrap¬ 
ings from the outside of a bright tin can will, on being placed 
in the solution, produce the “purple,” if gold be present. 



INDEX 


Abrasive, 39 
Acanthite, 56 
Aluminum, 24 
testing for, 24 
Anglesite, 35, 50 
Antimony, 25 
gray, 53 
native, 67 
tests for, 25 

Apparatus and chemicals re¬ 
quired, 19 
Argentite, 73, 95 
Argon, 84 
Arsenic, 57, 66 
native, 66 
tests for, 27, 66 
Arsenical pyrites, 59, 97 
Arsenolite, 69 
Arsenopyrite, 59, 97 
Aurichalcite, 42 
Autunite, 19, 87, 105 
Avalite, 103 
Azurite, 42 

Barite, 4, 33, 50, 83, 101, 
102 

tests for, 33 

Barytes, 4, 33, 50, 83, 101, 
102 

Bismuth, 26, 96 
native, 26, 96 


Bismuth, testing for, 26 
Bismuthinite, 70 
Black silver, 50 
Blast lamp, 23 
Bornite, 52 
Brongniardite, 56 
Brookite, 4 

Calamine, 35, 51, 102, 103 
Calaverite, 92 
Calcite, 5 

Calcium carbonate, 40 
Calomel, 65, 77 
Carbonate of lead, 40 
Carbonates, 30, 31, 40, 41, 
42, 43 

Carnotite, 87, 88, 89 
Cassiterite, 4, 12, 24, 32, 37, 
38, 57, 82 
Celestite, 33, 50 
Cerargyrite, 26, 64 
Cerite, 81 
Cerium, 80, 85 
Cerussite, 16, 40, 61 
Cervantite, 105 
Chalcocite, 17 
Chalcophyllite, 62 
Chalcopyrite, 11, 51, 72, 98 
Chalk, 32 
Chile saltpetre, 29 
Chloanthite, 95 


INDEX 


no 

Chromite, 4, 45 
Chromium, 26 
Cinnabar, 76 
Cobalt, 18, 28 
bloom, 18, 63 
sulphide, 54 
tests for, 18, 28 
Cobaltite, 59, 95 
Columbite, 85 
Columbium, 85 
Copper, 4, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 
19,20,25,32,73,87 
deposit, 16 
froth, 62 
glance, 51 
tests for, 35 

Copper pyrites, 11, 51, 72, 
98 

Corundum, 39 
Crucibles, 12, 21 
Crocoite, 34, 104 
Cryolite, 37 

Delafossite, 47 
Deep crucibles, 21 
Descloizite, 90, 104 
Diamond, 4, 29, 57, 58 
Dike, 8, 9 
Dioptase, 35, 51 
Dishes, 12, 21 
Domeykite, 60 
Dyscrasite, 97 

Embolite, 26, 64 
Emerald, 39 
Eruptive rock, 9 
Euchronite, 62 


Euxenite, 86 

Examination, preliminary, 
10 

Fluorine, 36 
tests for, 36 
Fluorite, 5, 36, 55 
Fluorspar, 36, 55 
Freieslebenite, 56 

Galena, 53 
Garnierite, 103 
Genthite, 103 
Glucina, 81 
Goethite, 105, 106 
Gold, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 20, 32., 
72, 80 
native, 72 
tellurides, 91, 92 
tests for, 72, 107 
Granite, 7, 13 
Granitic, 13 
Graphic tellurium, 91 
Graphite, 47, 52, 97 
Gray antimony, 53 
Gray copper, 53 
Greasy lustre, 46 
Gummite, 18, 83, 87, 105 
Gypsum, 32 

Hardness, scale of, 5, 6 
Heavy spar, 4, 33, 50, 83,101, 
102 

Helium, 84 

Hematite, 4, 44, 99, 100 
micaceous, 44 
Hessite, 76, 95 


INDEX 


111 


Hints on prospecting, 8, 17, 
30 

on testing, 22, 23, 24 
Horn quicksilver, 65 
Horn silver, 26, 64, 75 
Hubnerite, 17, 46, 101 
Huntilite, 58 

Intrusive rocks, 9 
Iodine, recognition of, 32 
Iodobromite, 26, 64 
Iodyrite, 32 
Iridium, 4, 48, 49, 80 
Iridosmine, 49, 80, 96 
Iron, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19 
magnetic, 3, 4, 44, 45 
pyrites, 8, 14, 16, 72 
specific gravity of, 9 
specular, 8 
sulphide, 8, 14, 16 

Krennerite, 92 

Lanthanum, 84 
Lead, 17, 19, 75 

carbonate, 40, 62 
chromate, 34 
tests for, 24 
Leucopyrite, 97 
Limestone, 32 
Linnaeite, 95 
Liroconite, 62 
Lollingite,[97 

Magnesite, 43 

Magnetite, 3, 4, 44, 45, 100 
Malachite, 42 


Malleable metals, 31 
Manganese, 26 

testing for, 26, 27 
Marble, 32 
Marcasite, 16, 98 
Metallic lustre, 44 
Mercury, 26, 28 
Miargyrite, 56 
Microcosmic salt, 20 
Millerite, 54 
Mineral deposit, 10 

examination of a, 10 
testing of a, 10 
Minerals which resemble each 
other, 92, 93, 94, 95, 
96, 97, 98, 199 
lacking metallic lustre, 
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 
38, 39 
Minum, 17 
Mispickel, 8, 59, 72 
Mixite, 62 

Molybdenite, 47, 52, 97 
Molybdenum, 52 
Monazite, 9, 80, 82 

Nagyagite, 72, 91, 92 
Native antimony, 67 
arsenic, 66 
bismuth, 67 
copper, 73, 93 
gold, 72 
iron, 45, 74, 94 
silver, 73 
sulphur, 70 
Niccolite, 60, 98 
Nickel, 18, 28, 75 


112 


INDEX 


Nickel bloom, 18 
glance, 60, 63 
testing for, 28 

Nitrate of cobalt solution, 20 
Nitre, 20 
Nitric acid, 20 

Non-metallic lustre, examples 
of, 32 

Olivenite, 5, 7, 62 
Oriental ruby, 39 
sapphire, 39 

Orpiment, 61, 69, 77, 106 
Osmium, 48, 80 
Oxides, 30 

Palladium, 4, 49, 74, 94 
Pan, the, 1 
Patronite, 89 
Petzite, 68, 72, 95 
Pitchblende, 19, 28,48,81, 82, 
83, 84, 85 

Platinum, 4, 48, 49, 73, 80, 94 
Platinum-iridium, 49 
Plumbic ochre, 18 
Polyargyrite, 56 
Polybasite, 58 

Preliminary examination of a 
mineral deposit, 10 
test of a mineral deposit, 
30 

Prospecting hints, 8 
Psilomelane, 47 
Pyrite, 8, 50, 98 
arsenical, 8, 59 
copper, 11, 51, 72, 98 
Pyrolusite, 100 
Pyrrhotite, 17, 18, 50 


Quartz, 7, 10, 18, 32 

Radium, 19, 30, 48, 78, 79, 
82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 
89 

tests for, 48, 85 
Rare ores, the, 78, 79, 80, 81, 
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 
88, 89, 90, 91, 92 
Reagents, 20 
Realgar, 61, 69 
Relative weights, 7 
Remingtonite, 43 
Roasting spoon, 20 
Rock, eruptive, 9 
Roscoelite, 90 
Ruby, 39 
silver, 55 
Rutile, 80, 82 

Saltpetre, Chile, 20 
Samarskite, 29, 85, 86 
Scale of hardness, 5, 6 
Scheelite, 4, 17, 36, 101, 102 
Sectile minerals, 31, 32 
Selenium, 28 
tests for, 28 
Siderite, 41, 62 
Silver, 4, 9, 12, 17, 19, 80, 96 
black, 55 
chloride, 75 
ruby, 55 
tests for, 29 
Silicates of nickel, 18 
Silver-white minerals, 31 
Smaltite, 58, 96 
Smithsonite, 41, 62, 102 


INDEX 


113 


Soda, 20 

Spar, heavy, 4, 35, 50, 101, 
102 

Specular iron, 8 
Sperrylite, 59, 98 
Sphalerite, 106 
Stannite, 54, 98, 99 
Sternbergite, 56 
Stibnite, 53, 67, 75 
Streak, 7 

powder, 7 
Stromeyerite, 55 
Strontianite, 41 
Sulphide of copper, 14 
Sulphur, 71, 106 
Surface changes, 12, 13 

indications of a mineral 
deposit, 15 
of copper, 16 
Sylvanite, 68, 72, 91 

Talc, 37, 103, 104 
Tellurides of gold, 91 
Tellurium, 18, 27, 68, 72 
tests for, 27 

Testing for aluminum, 24, 32 
antimony, 25 
arsenic, 27 
bismuth, 26 
chromium, 27 
cobalt, 28 
copper, 25, 26 
gold, 72 
lead, 24, 32 
manganese, 37 
mercury, 26, 27, 28 
nickel, 28, 40 


Testing for radium, 85 
selenium, 28, 29 
silver, 29 
sulphur, 27 
tellurium, 27, 38, 68 
tin, 24, 30, 43 
tungsten, 30 
uranium, 29, 30 
zinc, 24, 25 
Tetradymite, 70 
Tetrahedrite, 53, 70 
The pan, 1 
Thorbenite, 18 
Thorite, 30, 105 
Thorium, 30, 84 
tests for, 30 

Tin, 4, 9, 12, 24, 32, 37, 38, 
82 

pyrites, 54, 99 
stone, 4, 9, 12, 24, 32, 
37, 38, 82 
tests for, 37, 38 
Topaz, 4, 38, 57 
Torbernite, 18, 86 
Tungsten, 17 
ores of, 17 
tests for, 30 
Tungstic ochre, 17 
Tungstite, 17 
Tyrolite, 62 

Ulmanite, 48, 99 
Uraninite-pitchblende, 19, 28, 
48, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 
Uranium, 9, 18, 19, 29, 30, 
80, 82, 84, 85, 87 
tests for, 29, 30 


114 


INDEX 


Valantinite, 71 
Vanadinite, 83, 90, 104 
Vanadium, 88 
ores, 89 
Voglite, 19 

Weight, or specific gravity, 7 
relative, 7 
Willemite, 35 


Witherite, 40, 61, 101, 102 
Wolframite, 4, 9, 17, 46, 100, 
101 

Wurtzite, 106 

Yttria, 80, 81, 85 
Yttrium, 84 

Zincite, 106 
Zircon, 80, 81, 82 














































t 




4 





























































t 























































































